6 - Update Memo November 5, 2008
TO: Landmarks Preservation Advisory Board
FROM: James He~vat, Chris Meschuk
SUBJ F.CT: Update Memo
New and Pending Land Use Review Applications
None.
Planning Board Calendar
See attached.
Stay-of-llemolition Status Summary, November 5, 2008
Date
Date of Stay Date of
Address Construction Imposed Ex iration Current Status
955 Broadway c.1906-1940 9/3/2008 01/19/2009 No progress to report
Avenue
Landmark Applications Update:
• 3015 Kalmia Avenue, landmark designation application. submitted 9/ 4 /08 as a condition of
Annexation & Site Review approval.
• 800 Arapahoe Avenue: Awaiting City Council review pending a subdivision application. Grant
contract executed. Continuance by board expires December 31.
• 121 S Cedar Street -Washington School: Postponed pending resolution of site planning issues.
Continued until December 1, 2008.
• 1777 Broadway Municipal Building will be reviewed by the board on December 3.
Willard House, 125 Bellevue Drive, postponed until early 2009
Upcoming City Council hearings:
~ November 25: Depot 2°d Reading, 2303 Mapleton/2316 23r4 St first reading)
• December 16: 2303 Mapleton/2316 23r4 St second reading
Articles:
Interstate Safety Rest Areas: Enhancing the American Travel Exverience -Forum Journal Fa112008
World Heritage Historic Urban I,andsca~es: Defining and Protecting Authenticity -APT Bulletin
Vol. XX~~IX Number 2-3 2008.
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INTERSTATE SAFETY REST
AREAS: ENHANCING THE
AMERICAN TRAVEL EXPERIENCE
~y Jo r;ra Dowling
]n the late 1950s a new entity emerged in this areas are off-road spaces with provisions for
country; it was a uniquely American type and emergency stopping and resting by motorists
one that would in short time burgeon across for short periods. They have freeway type
the American landscape. Built as accents to entrances and exit connectio~rs, parking
the Interstate Highway System, safety rest areas, benches and tables and may have
areas (SRAs) provided relief, respite, and toilets ar:d water supply where proper
entertainment to nod-century automobile maintenance and supervision: are assured.
travelers. Today they serve as both functional They may be designed for short-ti»:e picnic
waypoints and cultural landscapes. These use in addition to parking of vehicles for
landscapes reflect an interchange of persons short periods. They are not to be planned '
and ideas that in many ways define social as local parks.'
paradigms of the mid-century period. Born of
an era that expounded progress and mobility, Two important precedents informed the
safety rest arcs sites represent both. In design development of Interstate safety rest areas:
and function they were forward looking, roadside parks and commercial roadside
reflecting the technologies and visual architecture. Both with roots in the pre-
acsthetic of their time. In their siting within World War II era of expansive road build-
the Interstate System they represent a new ing, roadside parks created a model of place
kind of public space, one whose sole purpose while commercial architecture created a
was to accommodate those traveling within visual mode that came to define the built
the system. environment of the roadway. Conunercia
roadside architecture, boch preceding and
s Yet despite their importance, and perhaps following the war, created a visual vocabu-
because of their familiarity, these places lacy that American travelers learned to read
have yet to be considered for their architec- and anticipate. They had also come to
~ ~ ` wral or cultural significance. Older ones expect frequent opportunities to leave the
1 arc routinely revamped or replaced-with roadway, for leisure, sightseeing, and, when ~
the support of government policy at the available, the use of comfort facilities.
highest level.
SR.A developers looked to the aesthetic
_ ANEW GENRE TO MEET precedent of commercial roadside architec-
ANEW NEED tore, designing buildings and structures in
Rest areas are to be provided on Interstate the tradition of these roadside curiosities that
L' ~ highways as a sa fety measure. Safety rest had come to define American highways in
'
ForumJournal Fa112U08 5
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~~h~s r-c~iem hr~r~ pien~e'.r~eltr~ i~_ iDCA'r:7 ~ Ide!:rds~ca'~RA_ V„b~~~k.; oa;':dd ~t~~ t r>f I-&J'~FiH in
1~h Gy 1566 ayhc sites were or>en to the public with six more under construction. Photo courtesy of
`.he Nebraska Department of Roads.
the decades preceding the Interstate era; this This manner of roadside park development
~ resulted in SRA elements that were unique was echoed throughout the country as road
and colorful expressions of regional flavor building brought similar travel experiences to
I and modern architectural design. Safety diverse sections of the American public.
rest areas functioned to create a context of Roadside park consU•uction became part of a
place within the Interstate System, achieved greater movement of roadside development
through the implementation of unique and and beautification. Briefly interrupted by
whimsical design elements and the use of World War II, progressive development contin-
regionally signifying characteristics. ued after the war and by the mid-1950s Amer-
ican highways were lined by awell-developed ~
Roadside parks, which became popular in system of roadside parks constructed and
the 1930s, also paved the way for safety maintained by state highway departments. By '
rest areas. Stopping sites, or waysides, first the time the Interstate Highway System was
emerged in rural areas where commercial legislated in 1956 almost every state had a
establishments were not available. Often system of roadside parks. While they consisted '
they appeared in areas of scenic interest or of minimal facilities, their necessity had been
merely in places where there was room fora proven by their prolific numbers and extensive
car to pull off the roadway. These earliest use. The well-documented popularity of road- I
waysides materialized out of necessity; when side parks was a leading factor in the federal ~
motorists wanted to stop, they pulled oft decision to standardize safety rest areas as part
and parked along the roadside. of the Interstate System.
6 NATIONAL TRUS7 FOR HISTORIC PRESERVATION' i
LI
The limited access a~ature of Interstate High- state Highway System. Planned to bypass
ways meant that a stop within a safety rest commercial strips, through which many
area was often the only contact travelers had existing highways passed, Interstate )-ligh-
with regions they passed through. Before the ways, with their controlled access road
development of interchange businesses there design, would confine drivers to long
a were few options for stopping available to stretches of roadway, rendering them unable
drivers on newly constructed stretches of to leave the road for any basic necessity.
' Interstate Highways. SRAs took the place In 1962 Frank j. Cope, assistant landscape
of. both the roadside park and the roadside architect for the Ohio Department of High-
~ store, allowing travelers what could be their ways, reflected on the changed nature o£
only interaction with local landscapes. The the Arnerican roadway system and the
functional objectives of these sites-which essential r_acure of SRAs to t,avelr.r comfort
included providing restrooms, travel infor- and safety:
mation, and places for drivers to rest from
long-distance travel-made feasible the less At the onset of Ohio's Interstate High-
tangible direcrive of connecting people with way program it became apparent the
the regions they passed through, replacing needs o£ motorists on this great system
the local flavor that would have once been of roadways would be unlike existing
readily accessible from the roadway. routes. This new highway system ;
would cut across the country, bypass-
EARLY STANDARDIZATION ing towns and villages which formerly
In 1958, two years after the National Sys- provided the services necessary to the
tem of Interstate and Defense Highways was welfare and safety of the traveling
Legislated and funded by the federal govern- public. There would be no access to
mcnt through the Federal Aid Highway Act privately operated service centers
~ of 1956, the American Association of State except at interchanges. Services at or
Highway Officials (AASI-IO) published A near more of our interchanges were
Policy on Safety Rest Areas for the National not existent when moderately large
System of Interstate and Defense Highways segments of Ohio's Interstate System
(quoted on page S). 'T'hese were the first were opened to the traveling public
n_ federal regulations designed to guide the and after three years no motorist's
_ construction o£ roadside service facilities. services have been provided by private
lr Federal fund'uig of highway maintenance enterprise at or near many of the inter-
projects, including comfort and sanitary changes. One might liken motorists
~ facilities, dated to 1930; however, prior to services needed on a segment of Inter-
1958 all site specifications were determined state Highway System to an isolated
independently by state highway depart- village of equivalent population; for
•d menu. The federal guidelines were a part once the motorist enters the roadway
of the overall standardization of the new he is somewhat isolated from the rest
roadway system, of which SRAs were a part. of the countryside.z
Controlled or limited access road design was The site features included in the 1958
ct the aspect of Interstate design that inspired national standards for SRA design were
the inclusion of safety rest areas in the Inter- those that would provide for the basic needs
•N' ForumJournal Fa112008 7
' of people traveling on Interstate Highways. llistinctive characteristics were used in the
Convenience and comfort facilities located design of structures to create objects of
in SRAs included toilets, drinking water attraction that, in the tradition of commer-
supply, table-bench units, bulletin boards, cial roadside architecture, would draw
fireplaces or grills, independent benches, travelers from the Interstate. Once inside,
refuse cans, and signs or small monuments elements such as picnic shelters designed in ,
or placards that typically commemorated the manner of grand tepees, oil rigs, wind-
an event in local or national history that nulls, and adobe huts would become objects
occurred nearby. The first SRAs constructed of interest and entertainment.
in the late 1950s, in states such as Wisconsin
and Ohio, reflected the straightforward By the early 1960s significant attention was -
requirements of the earliest guidelines. Basic lavished on the architectural design of SRA
in design and construction methods, such buildings and structures. Sites were typically
sites adhered to the mandate that safety rest designed around a central theme, expressed
areas should not be excessive in their provi- in the toilet building and then reflected in
~ stops but formal and functional. other site structures, particularly picnic and
information shelters. This approach created
EMERGENCE OF REGIONAL visual cohesion and a sense of place for
VARIATIONS travelers. Thematic design located users
The proscribed pragmatism of SRA con- within their specific surroundings of the
struction, however, was yuickly met in safety rest area, as well as locating diem
different regions by a desire to cxeate sites thematically within the state or region of
that depicted their particular uniqueness. the country. The materials and design
The basic functional elements of SRA sites Qualities used often played on regional
became architecturall desi ned elements of characteristics such as significant history or
Y g
a planned whole: toilet buildings to Douse traditional building aesthetics.
comfort amenities, picnic shelters to protect
picnic tables, and information shelters to Architectural design became the conceptual
display travel information. Progress was the li~c between the perception of place and the
calling card of SRA developers, as site plan- function of place, as SRA structures took on
Hers sought to equal in aesthetic experience architectural characteristics that reflected a
what the Interstate System was creating in variety of aesthetic trends. The author has
engineering marvel. identified seven broad design trends into
which SRA buildings and structures can '
In 1957 George T. O'Malley of the Ohio De- be classified: basic traditional, modern,
paztment of Natural Resources echoed a senti- regional, rustic or regional modern, com-
ment that came to define SRA development biped forms, free form, and 1970s revival. ~
on a national scale: "In view of the huge sums For more information on these designations i
of money spent on development of new super please visit www.restazeahistory.org.
highways should sanitary facilities he re- Complementing the architectural design of
stricted to a privy type toilet and hand pump SRA buildings was an equal emphasis on
water supply.>." he questioned. "Should not site selection and landscape planning.
the rustic design be rep]aced by the modern in Landscape designs were used to further
keeping with the highways being served?"' define one's experience of place. The use
8 NATIONAL TRUST FOR HISTORIC PRESERVATION'
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a ~T , !rea,t NZfi ;,i . .,gin
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' , (f'a ern 1111. ~ f, ~
a.~ci~ L - v. i a o~ l ~f L.1 I i i
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li~i, iii +ur.., .'r~~=n i- r - ii ~ I ii~~~_ ~ ~ ~ ~
prototype safety rest area toilet ouildin9s. I he site openecJ in 190.,.:'hoto try Joanna Cow.:ng.
of regional plantings and the incorporation In 1972 the Federal Highway Administra-
of indigenous landscape elements were com- Lion reported 1,200 safety rest areas open
mon practices. The site selection process was on Interstate Highways. This represents a
also used ro create a context of place; when staggering number considering the first sites
possible, sites were located to showcase had opened just over a decade earlier. By the
scenic vistas and natural landscapes. Loca- mid 1970s travel on lnterstate Highways
tions were also selected for their pxoximity was already exceeding original expectations,
to scenes of historic events, and histories and by the early 1980s state departments of
were often commemorated within SRA sites transportation began updating and replacing
by way of informational postings. SRAs. In Missouri, for example, sites being
replaced were merely 15 years old. Subse-
BALANCING FUNCTIONAL AND quent standardization guidelines recom-
' PRESERVATION CONCERNS mended that SR.As be constructed to serve a
T'he first generation of SRA design began in 20-year life span, based on projected traffic
the [ate 19SOs and extended through the volumes and use. Because lack of funding
1970s. Programs were directed by state gov- has limited updating at this'aggressive pace
ernments, and sites were built concurrently in many states, redevelopment has become a
with stretches of Interstate Highway SRAs sporadic enterprise. At present there is a
opened as the highways opened. Initial spec- growing movement to update SRA sites that
ifications called for site designs to accommo- have aged well beyond their intended lives
date travel volumes projected through 1975. as the scale and facilities of original sites,
ForumJournal Fa112008 9
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~ I T:~i`s building, located at mile marker lUU on I-64 eastbound ui Kentucky, was constructed in 7963. It
is one of nine safety rest area elements included in the Final List of Nationally and Exceptionally
~ Significant Features of the Federal Interstate Highway System. It is the only SRA feature recognized
for architecture. Pho!o by Joanna Dowling.
and even early redeveloped sites, seem to commemorated in 2006, much discussion
have lost their modern luster in the eyes of surrounded the feasibility of subjecting the
the traveling public. System as a whole to Section 1.06 review
processes. As a means of mitigating a
ureaucrac the
Safety rest area sites are not only a record potential nightmare of b y,
of the Interstate travel experience and their Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)
own historical development, they are func- initiated a tnovement to drastically reduce
bona[ sites that continue to serve the needs the number of undertakings associated with
of the traveling public. Given this dual iden- the Interstate System that would he subject
tity there is a need to balance history and to 106 review. The Exemption Regarding
function in a manner that will adequately Historic Preservation Review Process for
provide for both. Effects to the Interstate Highway System
was the result. '
MOST SITES EXEMPTED FROM The exemption was based on the concept i
SECTION 106 REVIEW "that the Interstate System is historically
As the Intestate Highway System important; but only certain particularly
approached its 50-year mark, which was important elements of that system...warrant
consideration. Such elements would still be
~p NATIONA~.TRUST FOR HISTORIC PRESERVATION'
U
• i
i
considered tinder Section 106. The exemp- hurdle to conventional preservation practice '
tion takes no position on the eligibility of as applied to safety rest areas; however, ~
the Interstate System as a whole."'' As sum- given the importance of this program and ~
marized, the exemption "would relieve Fed- the rate at which original SRA sites are
eral agencies from the requirement of taking being lost to updating and redevelopment,
into account the effects of their undertakings it is imperative that an alternative means of ;
on the Interstate I-lighway System, except recognition be adapted.
with regard to certain individual elements or I
structures that are part of that system."5 ENHANCEMENT VERSUS
REDEVELOPMENT
The exemption required the Federal High- Many preservation battles center on build-
way Administration to submit a list, by June ings that are threatened because they are
30, 2006, of individual elements of the no longer able to serve their initial use.
Interstate System that will continue to be Historic6 safety rest areas, much the oppo- 1
considered under Section 106. These were, site, are threatened because their initial use -
basically; elements that were in or likely to is still in great demand. In the decades since
soon be eligible for the National Register of the first safety rest areas were constructed,
Historic Places. The exemption agreement traffic volumes on Interstate I-Iighways have
and the final list of elements held out from increased dramatically. This volume has '
the exemption can be accessed through the also increased the usage of SRA facilities.
FHWA website: www.environment.fhwa. Because SRA sites were constructed to pro-
dot.gov/liistpres/highways_list.asp. vide for a limited future projection of use,
the sites were essentially built to be rebuilt.
'The Exemption Regarding Historic Preserva-
tion Review Process for Effects to the The treatment of SRA facilities has varied
Interstate Highway System is particularly from state to state. Maintenance and rede-
relevant to a discussion of safety rest area velopment schemes have depended upon the
history and preservation. In many ways the priorities of state maintenance departments.
exemption was the beginning and the end of Ironically one of the best protections for
SRA preservation in a national context. original SRA material has been the perpetual
Among the 138 elements included in the lack of funding for their redevelopment.
FWI-IAs final list of elements to be excluded
from the Interstate exemption, only nine are Because safety rest areas continue to serve
listed with a designation of rest area. a vital functional purpose, some degree of
. updating and redevelopment is invariably
Given that the current application of the necessary. ;1o~vever, it is possible to incor- ~
exemption negates the potential recognition porate history-sensitive practices into
of histoxic significance for any element of redevelopment schemes. Incorporating new
the Interstate Highway System that was not elements into existing sites is a practice that
initially included in its list of. exceptions, the has been used in several states. In Oregon i
remaining hundreds of SRA sites are not and California new toilet buildings have ~
only unprotected but lawfully prohibited been added to several sites. These new build- ~
from receiving formal protective designa- ings respect the architectural design of their
tion. The exemption creates a substantial original counterparts. It is important to note
ForumJournal Fa1120C~? 11
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~ „ .,t.,i,, t1~5 d85ign accomp~'iy the tc;ilr•' ni I~fiu: ~lur~J :,p;/c;s,rt~. ;I~eltF• =
it ~~ut the rte, ~~iving the sense of a clustered village or settlement. Photo by Joanna Dow:ir.y.
I
1 that this approach was used for practical meat, in what seems to be an ongoing cycle
reasons, not as a preservation measure. Such of construction and redevelopment.
' a concept, however, provides a viable preser-
vation model. A wide discrepancy in maintenance practices
is evident among states that have retained
A less comprehensive approach, however their original sites and facilities. The state of
one that serves preservation goals, is the Texas has a wonderfully maintained system
practice of retaining original SRA elements of late 1960s SIt11s, along with newer sites '
in redeveloped sites. In Missouri the state's constructed within the last 10 years. Other
original sites were redeveloped in the 1980s, states have been less successful in maintain- i
with the construction of new regionally ing cheir older facilities.
designed toilet buildings that replaced and
contrasted with the original toilet buildings New Mexico's SRA facilities are a poignant
designed in the modern style. In these sites illustration of how poor maintenance affects
the original picnic shelters were kept, and in preservation and user satisfaction. The state
at least two sites the original buildings were is home to many wonderful examples of
reused as storage facilities. Wisconsin has regional design that were constructed in the
taken a similar approach in at Least one late 1960s.1'he toilet buildings and picnic ~
redeveloped site, reusing an original 1960 shelters communicate traditional Southwest-
building as a storage facility. Ironically, ern architectural design and use of materials.
Missouri's regionally Chemed 1980s sites I-Iowever, the condition of both the sites and
are now themselves threatened by redevelop- structures in many locations was found to
12 NATIONAI.TRUST FOR HISTORIC PRESERVATION'
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>helters New Mexico's first SiA s`n>. o~~enecl in lnr_,? ~ Iti~; idU_~c-in. pI'ecJ tcllcl t:ulld~ng is ~.ocated along I-10
westbound in the southern particn of the ;t~_c- P•i~h, by Jo~r•n,: L`rnvlirg.
ng cycle be sadly decayed on a recent visit. The RECOGNITION NEEDED
condition of these sites undermines any l
First and most importantly, the historical
potential aesthetic experience that could be record of safety rest areas must he recog-
practices generated by the architectural quality of the nixed by the preservation community as
tained uni uc huildin sand shelters. It is unlikcl ~
q g y well as the department of transportation I
e state of that travelers will remain in a site long staff who serve as the current stewards of
i system ~ enough to enjoy its regional characteristics these sites. This history has not yet been
per sites ~ if it feels unclean and unsafe. documented within the written record of the
Other Interstate System, and has not been acknowl-
iaintain- Maintenance is an effective form of preser edged within the many volumes that recall
vation. Proper maintenance of SRA, sites not 2Uth-century road building, roadside archi-
only sustains the physical condition of a tecture, and the American travel experience.
poignant site's facilities and landscape, it contributes These sites must be surveyed and criteria
ce affects ~ to a positive site experience in the minds of developed to determine which ones are most
the state travelers. The patina of age is perhaps not worthy of protection.
les of so romantic in a rest room; however it may
ed in the be possible that SRA users would have
Safety rest areas are a significant aspect of
l picnic more patience and appreciation for properly 20th-century road building and the expan-
nithwest- ( maintained older facilities if they approached Sion of leisure travel during mid-century
materials. them with a more infvnned perspective, America. As interest in our recent past
sites and one that included an understanding of SRAs grows, it is important that these sites are
Fund to as historical elements of the Interstate High- recognized as cultural landscapes that com-
way System.
SRVA710N' ForumJournal Fa112008 13
i
mm~icate the American travel experience in ° George T. O'Malley, "Critique of the Roadside CO n
loth public and personal terms. Park Design Problem and Announcement of I \
Awards;' from the proceedings of the 16th Annual SIT E
Ohio Short Course on Roadside Development,
ioanna Dowling received her Master's degree in 1957.
Historic Preservation from the School of the Art
Institute of Chicago in 2007 Her thesis focused ~ Exemption Regarding Historic Preservation By SCOtt
nn the history, architecture, and preservation Review Process for Effects to the Interstate I
of safety rest areas. Since graduating she has Highway System, Federal Register Notices, Vol.
~n~crked as an independent consultant and 70, No 46, http://a257.g.akamaitecfi.net/7/257/
.raveled ?hrouyho,,; the country documenh'ig 7422/O1jan20051800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/ OWning Or
uod ve~itin , abou, safety ~c>' are=s. ,005/05-4739.htm (accessed August 12, 2008). daunting a1
rain the lus:
Ibid structure, d
NOT[S: I
For the purposes of this discussion safety rest ~ also needed
AASHO Committee on Planning and Design areas constructed between 1956 and 1980 will programme
Policies, A Policy on Safety Resf Areas for fhe be referred to as historic- The author recognizes ~ more. But t
National System oflnterstate and Defense High- that this identification falls outside the standard
:lays (Washington, D.C.: American Association for 50-year guideline for hlstoric designation. list: Propert
Sta*,e Highway Officials). 1958. should cOnt
logical reso
= drank J. Cope, "Motorists Services Provided in Strive to prE
~:hio's Roadside Rests;' from the proceedings of
the 21st Annual Ohio Short Course on Roadside t
Deve opn,ont, t~sz. ~ Taking arcl
i
~ for compl_e1
~ of a historic
~ of the need
RESOURCES , structure, g
occur. The
Historical information about safety rest areas can be useful for the staffs of preservatio
state departments of transportation and state historic preservation offices, velop a pla
transportation historians, those associated with state historical societies and tion or mai
preservation organizations, and others concerned with transportation struc-
tures and sites. Research sources on this subject are vast, however they are INCLUDI
dispersed. Many state departments of transportation have documentation of ~ pROJEC'
the development of their respective programs, including site plans, usage
surveys, letters from travelers, developmental guidelines, photographs, and The charac
various articles. A comprehensive national record can be found in the publi- only the are
cations issued by the Ohio Short Courses on Roadside Development; these scaping but
conferences were held annually between 1941 and 1972. Tile author is aware ~ beneath tht
that these volumes are held at the Ohio Department of Transportation and artifacts co
the transportation library at Northwestern University. General private and component
government publications that document development trends and policies stone, Bart}
can be found in various transportation and university libraries nationwide. to defining
For further information on the issues discussed in this article or for
information on safety rest area programs in a particular state, please contact i Frequently,
the author at joanna.dowling(a)gmai?.com and visit ~vww.restareahistory.org. tion and m.
ground. Wl
stewards d~
14 NATIONAL TRUST FOR HISTORIC PRESERVATION' ForumJour
1~
World-Heritage Historic Urban Landscapes:
Defining and Protecting Authenticity
GUSTAVO F. ARAOZ
Will protecting historic urban The 2005 Vienna Memorandum on safeguarding the intangible aspects of
landscapes require a complete World Heritage and Contemporary the built heritage.
overhaul of preservation doctrine? Architecture -Managing the Historic As part of the ongoing debate on
Urban :Landscape focuses on the dual intangibility, and particularly its unplica-
challenges of enhancing the vitality of tions on dynamic-heritage categories
historic cities and of integrating con- such as cultural landscapes, the theory
temporary architecture in an emerging and practice of heritage conservation in
conceptualization of historic cities as and of historic cities have faced new
historic urban landscapes. This paper challenges that in essence may be said to
addresses some of the questions that spring from hvo unrelated trends. The
this document, adopted by the World first is a conceptual shift in the percep-
Heritage Committee at its annual meet- Lion of the nature of heritage places; and
ing later thac year, raises about defining the second trend is related to the acceler-
and protecting the authenticity of such ating demographic pressure to increase
- landscapes. It proposes that two docu- urban density. Further propelled by the
~ ments summarizing expert meetings on triumphal emergence of the market
' y, i I authenticity in the 1990s -the Nara economy as the preferred development
~~:;.,,r j~ Document on Authenticity of 1994 and model and by the transfer of traditional
. rr~ . ; . the Declazation of San Antonio of 1996 public authority to the private sector as
I I' ~ - be used as a starting point for ad- aftershocks of the collapse of socialist
!'ll'~ • ~ • dressing these questions. models, historic cities are being treated
1 In looking at the last 50 years of the as laboratories where mega-experiments
' ~L heritage-conservation movement, one on urban density are being tested.
~,~N' M.
1 _ i , ~ t'jr ! can detect that during each decade the Manifestations of such experiments
t., , ~ ~ international presezvation community extend from the epidemic of monumen-
~i I - concentrated on unraveling one or two tal "look-at-me!" public architecture
r~ 1;;~,,. major challenges that, while not to the triggered by the Guggenheim Museum
" , _ ' exclusion of other concerns, marked the in Bilbao to a renewed and more virii-
;.~~K`,,. ,r , ~ period indelibly. Thus, the 1960s could lent global wave of facadism, the large-
- _ be said to be the decade of building scale reconfigurations of the public
,b~: theoretical consensus; the 1970s was the space along a Modernist vocabulary,
,~ic~ ~ decade of heritage inventories; the 1980s and the insertion of buildings of un-
„r , . was the decade of site management; and precedented height in close proximity to
~ - : ~ , , , in the 199Us the adoption o£ new her- historic districts.
- - ~ - - ~ - itage categories, such as cultural land- Wlien mega-skyscrapers threatened
Fig. 1. The Gazprom Tower, proposed for stapes, sacred sites, and vernacular to sprout ui or around urban sites in-
construction in St. Petersburg, Russia, and settlements, provoked an intense global scribed in the World Heritage List, such
designed by RMJM London, will rise 1,300 feet discussion on the meaning of authentic- as Vienna, Cologne, Saint Petersburg,
(396 meters} on the edge of the Neva River, 3 ity, which became the leitmotif for that London, and Valletta in Malta, the
miles (5 kilometers? from the historic city decade. 'The conclusions reached in the World I ieritage Committee realized it
center, leading some critics to alleye that it will
interfere with the skyline of the city's World 1990s about authenticity, which opened was time to address the issue directly
Heritage District. Proposals of a similar scale in the way to the attribution of cultural (Fig. 1). TCO1vJOS and the World Her-
Vienna, Austria, and Cologne, Germany, have values to both material fabric and im- itage Centre responded by convening a
been deemed threats to the outstanding univer- material characteristics in a site, have joint meeting of heritage experts and
sal values of the setting of the two historic led during the current decade to exten- prominent architects in Vienna in May
cities and raised the prospect of removing the
sites from the Vdorld Heritage List. Courtesy of sive explorations into the domain of 2005 with the stated purpose o[ produc-
RMJM London. ing "a key statement for an integrated
33
~3
34 APT BULLETIN: JOURNAL OF PRESERVATION TECHNOLOGY / 39:2-3, 2008
approach linking contemporary archi- urban districts to include its dynamic earlier ruined walls as the base for the
lecture, sustainable urban development historic patterns of evolution and new Erechtheion and by deliberately
and landscape integrity based on exist- change, thereby shifting the objective of integrating the column drums of the
ing historic patterns, building stocks and conservation from preserving the au- earlier Parthenon, as well as elements of
context."' The meeting resulted in the thenticity of material form to protecting the old Temple of Athena, ir, the new
adoption of a set of principles known as the historical processes and patterns of north wall of the Acropolis, where they
the Vienna Memorandum on World urbanization. are still visible today (kig: 2).
Heritage and Contemporary Architec- The appreciation of the dynamic Western cultures have always identi-
ture -Managing the Historic Urban nature of heritage resources in continu- feed places such as the Acropolis as
Landscape. This document was meant ing use, and the fact, that the process of carriers of special communal values and
to serve as the basis for a global discus- change can indeed add to their value, or memory that were re-affirmed each time
sion leading to a revision of the UN- even be one, did not originate in the anew generation assumed stewardship
ESCO recommendations on historic Vienna Memorandum; it merely focused for the place and its historic meaning.
urban areas adopted in Nairobi in 1976. the spotlight on the challenges posed by As Andrzej Tomas-rewski, director of
Articles 7, 8, and 9 of the Vienna Mem- it. The traditional materials-based ap- the International Centre for the Conser-
orandum proposed the following defini- proach and practices of the heritage- vation and Restoration of Cultural
lions and concepts regarding the historic conservation field had been challenged Property (ICCROM) from 1988 to
urban landscape and contemporary earlier by the acceptance and codifica- 1992, has proposed, alongside such
architecture: lion into theory of vernacular settle- places there also existed places of great
7. The historic urban landscape, building on the menu and cultural landscapes as her- communal value that in their genesis
1976 "UNESCO Recommendations concerning itage categories that are dependent not were believed to have possessed inherent
the Safeguarding and Contemporary Role of on conservation but on the perpetual supernatural powers that were geo-
Historic Areas," refers to ensembles of any a
group of buildings, structures and open spaces, renewal of their form according to graphically fixed. The original character
in their natural and ecological context, including historically established patterns. Manag- of these places -often groves, caves, or
archaeological and paleontological sites, consci- ing the authenticity of such places is an springs -was not defined by human-
turing human settlements in an urban env;ron- ongoing process that has undergone made elements but by natural forma-
mentover arelevant period of time, the cohesion
and value of which are recognized from the several stages and will continue to do so lions or the more ethereal concept of
archaeological, architectural, prehistoric, scien- into the foreseeable future. genius loci.. Their importance, however,
tific, aesthetic, socio-cultural or ecological point Protecting the authenticity of heritage was recognized over long periods of
of view. Tltis landscape has shaped modern has always been the fundamental end of time by the slow accrual of architectural
society and has great value for our understand-
ing of how we live today. all conservation work. For that reason forms intended to reinforce the shared
8. The historic urban landscape is embedded and in order to understand threats to beliefs about the power of the place.
with current and past social expressions and authenticity, it is necessary to under- Thus, during antiquity the Oracle at
developments that arc place-based. Ir is tom- stand how authenticity is defined and Delphi was populated by treasures and
posed of character-defining elements that utdude evaluated in the context of the various temples, and in the Middle Ages the
land uses and patterns, spatial organizations, categories of heritage. many places for the veneration of relics
visual relationships, topography and soils,
vegetation, and all elements of the technical Until very recently heritage conserva- ambiguously related to both paganism
infrastructure, including small-scale objects and lion in the Western cultural context had and Christianity eventually became the
details of construction (curbs, paving, drain maintained a particular focus on the sites of the great Gothic cathedrals. In
gutters, lights, ere.). material elements of the site as rcposito- time these places lost their original
9. Contemporary architecture in the given ties of the significance of the place. Most sacred meaning and came to be appreci-
context is ~rnderstood to refer to all significant heritage-conservation theory and the ated not for their supernanual powers
planned and designed interventions ur the built
environment, including open spaces, new con- Protective tools derived from them were but for the aesthetic values that rested
strucrions, additions to or extensions of historic deeply rooted on this assumption. For on the imprint of the accretions left by
buildings and sites, and conversions. that reason, the authenticity of a place human getuus. In short, the repository
The concern of the various professional was linked to materials, design, work- of value shifted from the immaterial
disciplines of the global heritage tom- manship, and setting.' spirit of the place to the material evi-
munity of ICOMOS in dealing with the As early as 480 BC the Athenians dente of its architecture.
complex issues of conservation in the recognized the overriding importance of This apparent need of Western cul-
face of growth has varied ]n intensity physical evidence, when, through the tares to venerate and preserve the mate-
and level of alarm, but there is basic Oath of Plateia, they agreed to keep the rial legacy inherited from the past has
agreement that the authenticity and Acropolis in perpetual ruins as a con- been codified in international heritage-
integriry of the world's urban heritage is slant reminder of the ruthlessness of conservation theory through the attribu-
under serious threat.z To some that their Persian enemy, ~vho had sacked its lion of two types of values to the materi-
threat includes the paradigmatic shift temples and monuments. Of course the ality of a place -aesthetic and historic.
from "historic town" to "historic urban Acropolis was eventually reconstructed, That is, either the physical elements of
landscape" proposed by the Vienna but in doing so the Athenians respected these places contained communal mem-
Memorandtnn, which, inter alia, would the memory contained in its extant ories, or they enriched the observer
expand the values inherent in historic elements by prominently exposing the through sensory delight.
G(
WORLD-HERITAGE HISTORIC URBAN LANDSCAPES 35
kinetic approach in conservation,
whereby adaptations in the historic
L--------~~'~ fabric would be allowed to fulfill the
~ ~ evolving needs of modern society but
{ _ _ ~ ~`~,~'!'4`i3 ""'~r-~.3z ..`,i would never compromise the overall
,y , ~s, ~ ~ ~ r,
y~ , ,,~,.,;1.,~ ~ ! ~ ~ ;nrthenticity of the urban monument. In
) } .~d iz ej~ri' !t ~ ,;~y~~ ~ ' spite of the revolutionary nature of this
' ~ ~ > ~ ' °s~;~''~`I • change, Giovannoni, like all his contem-
s,~ r + ~t ~'r ~ ~ poraries, continued to assign all value to
l,~ ~,L, t4~„~u, ~ y,~ ~ , - the extant material form of the city. His
it ~ : " s~ ~ X >t A ~ ~ : ; ~ ideas and concepts were the foundation
r:; '••~,t ~ ~ ~ -.t r : , for all mechanisms developed and imple-
it
I ' ` a ~i-•. , ' ; ' mented to protect the authenticity of
l " „p`;~;,;:~.~. ' historic cities during the remainder of
~
++•=,,,.,?~'ij the twentieth century.
`~`'~T-- ` ~ - Just when the world seemed to have
achieved a perfecttheoretical balance
ig. 2. Among the earliest mani`estations of public recognition of building materials carrying in them
the communal memory are the column drums of the destroyed Temple of Athena Polia, integrated that tivould sustain the appropriate
into the north will of the Athenian Acropolis- Athenians took the solemn. Oath of Plateia to keep them evaluation and protection of the authen-
as areminder e(the razing of the Acropolis by the Persians in 480 BC. Photograph by the author. ticity of heritage place, the application
of the World Heritage Convention
When contemporary approaches to The techniques that developed along opened a whole new set of controversial
heritage conservation began to take these theories functioned well for a few conceptual issues about the nature of
shape in the early nineteenth century, it decades, but it was inevitable that new heritage and its authenticity.
was axiomatic that the intangible aes- situations would be encountered where Formally known as the Convention .
thetic and historic values that were the tool kit would prove insufficient to concerning the Protection of the World's
attributed to a place (or to artifacts, in deal with the evolving perceptions of the Cultural and Natural Heritage, the
the case of moveable property) lay on nature of heritage sites and the new World Heritage Convention, which
the extant material elements. In spite of pressures of the twentieth century. came into force in 1975, is simply a pact
the broad range of divergent views of It was the highly influential Italian managed by the United Nations Educa-
the time, exemplified in their most ex- urbanist and theorist Gustavo Giovan- tion, Cultural and Scientific Organiza-
treme opposition by the work and writ- noni who in the 1920s and 1930s first tion (lJNESCU) to foster international
ings of Viollet-le-lluc and Ruskin, all expanded heritage beyond the exclusiv- cooperation in the conservation of the
approaches converged on the materiality ity of individual monuments.6 In his cultural and natural heritage.' The best
of heritage. When Cesare Brandi, recog- extensive theoretical writings Giovan- known instrument of the World Her-
nized throughout Etuope as the most noni cogently presented the idea that itage Committee is the World Heritage
influential conservation theorist of the entire inhabited vernacular villages and List, to which States' Parties to the
twentieth century, finally reconci]ed all ancient portions of town§ and: cities Convention may nominate sites within
philosophical oppositions at the middle could also be monuments. Giovannoni's their territories that have outstanding
of the twentieth century, his entire the- principles stood in diametric opposition universal value. A principal objective of
ory of critical conservation continued to to the vision of architecture as an eco- the convention is to protect the authen-
rest on the tacit assumption that all nomic acrd political tool to improve the ticity of sites inscribed in the list. Since
' values attributed to a place ultimately urban errvironment being advanced at the leadership of ICOMOS played a
rested on its material evidence.f the time by the International Congress major role in drafting the convention
Another important aspect of nine- of Modern Architecture (CIAM) under and its initial Operational Guidelines,
teenth-and early twentieth-century the leadership of Modern movement the original definitions and tests of
conservation was its Focus on the indi- architects, especially le Corbusier. authenticity for all nominated sites
vidual monument. When, through the CIANI's solution for the cramped urban reflected the predominance of the mate-
transformation brought about by the quarters inherited from the past was rial aspects of heritage as summarized in
recognition of its aesthetic or historic their complete demolition to open the the preceding paragraphs.$
significance, a building or site Iran- way to glorious and airy vines radieuses, During the convention's early years,
scended into the higher life form of a where only the great individual menu- when the universally known, iconic sites
"monument," the result in many cases ments of the past would be preserved. were being inscribed, authenticity as
was a permanent state of stasis, inter- This confrontational opposition between being material based went unchallenged,
rupted only to remove additions that did the Modern movement's urbanism and since the individual monuments being
not support its attributed monumental urban conservation still lingers today. nominated were the object of static
values. Thus, at the very root of the What is important about the work of• conservation and the cities inscribed
heritage-conservation movement's doe- Giovannoni for the purposes of this were being controlled by principles de-
trine was the prevention of change. paper is the shift from a static to a rived from the theories of Giovannoni.
j~
36 ~f' I RLL_'IN: JOURNAL OF PRESERVATION TECNNOL06Y / 33:2-3, ZOG8
The 1980s, however, were a particu- The fact that change in historic sites, 4. Conservation plannrng and its result-
larly fertile time in the evolution of the urban districts, and buildings that are ing interventions must be conceived
field of heritage. New categories of still in use is inevitable has never been as an integral part of the overall
heritage sites, such as cultural land- disputed by the international doctrinal urban-management effort to bring
scapes and places of memory, emerged documents of ICOMOS, beginning with about socioeconomic development
whose conservation defied then-prevail- its acceptance by the ].964 Venice Char- and a better quality of life for the ~
ing theories and practices and, more ter and extending on down the line existing population.
serious yet, seemed to undermine the through the later charters: the Florence 5. Contrary to the traditional view, new
accepted meaning of authenticity. Issues Charter on historic gardens, the Charter structures in historic settings should
such as the replacement of ephemeral for the Conservation of Historic Town be designed as enhancements the
construction materials, first raised by and Urban Areas, and the Charter on visual character and richness of the
Japan, defied the principle that authen- Built Vernacular Heritage.10 However, HUL, rather than as integrated back-
ticity resides exclusively in the original change in r.hese contexts was acceptable ground infill. New construction seems
construction materials. It was proposed as a necessary evil enabling better core- to be refocusing on scale and away
instead drat authenticity rested as much servation and was never acharacter- from architectural expression.
on the intangible ancient traditions of defining element or a positive cultural The above brushstrokes clearly indicate
reconstruction and replacement of Bete- asset, that HULs, in the World Heritage con-
riorating ,parts as it did on the physical Among the range of cultural-land- text at least, are considered a new breed
elements. \X/hile a perfectly logical con- scape types, the historic urban landscape of heritage that combines traditional
cept, this was a major theoretical tee- {HUL) defined by the Vienna Memoran- notions with dynamic contemporary
tonic movement that almost inadver- dum has been particularly controversial concepts reflecting overarching concerns
tently shifted the resting place of values in that it suggests that in historic cities about community development and
from the material evidence to the intan- the process of change per se can be an sustainabiliry. The controversy over the
Bible (and even unconservable) intellec- integral component of the significance of acceptance of HULs derives largely i
tual construct of ancestral communal the place. The implications of allowing from the absence of a theoretical foun-
memory. historic cities to continue to evolve dation to guide their conservation and
Other new types of heritage cate- along historic patterns have been ex- the uncertainty of the long-term effects
gories with intangible carriers of signifi- plored in a sequence of international it would have on the historic urban
cance foz which the test for authenticity meetings and in an unprecedented Inter- fabric. The text of the Vienna Memo-
proved ambiguous were emerging in the net global dialogue among ICUMUS randum recognizes this gap in stating
context of the World Heritage Conven- members. that the "international charters and
Lion. Some of these sites were distant The characteristics of HULs and the recommendations have not yet fully
cousins of the heritage category of "ur- principles governing them, which seem integrated this evolution.""
tentional monuments" fast identified by to be emerging out of what has proven The ongoing debate between ICO- ~
the well-known Austrian theorist Alois to be a cacophonous debate so far, may MOS and specialists of the World Her-
Riegl in 1903; however, he unfortu- be summarized as follows: itage Centre will eventually produce the
nately did not provide any clarification 1. The carriers of significance in HULs much-needed theoretical foundation to
beyond identifying the types of values include the historic building fabric, support the conservation and rnanage-
attributed to them.' According to Riegl, urban grid, and spatial qualities of its ment of HULs. In the meantime, how-
intentional montunents are those built public space but go beyond them to ever, two documents dating from the
with the specific purpose of preserving include such intangible carriers as 1990s may prove useful in determining
the memory of a specific person or traditional land use, associative com- the authenticity of HULs and for mea-
:.vent. Irr that sense, they are similar to munai memories, communa(rituals, surfing the impact of proposed changes
our places of memory, where the mate- and the historic patterns of urban on their cultural values: the Nara Docu-
rial evidence of the place is at times evolution, all of which require con- ment and the Declaration of San Anto-
nonexistent or secondary to the signifi- servation and protection. nio, each the end product of two cathar-
cance of the place. In both R.iegl's inten- 2. HULs extend beyond the traditional tic meetings held respectively in Japan
tional monuments and our modern boundaries of historic cities or dis- and the United States as part of the
places of memory, the values reside on triers to encompass the larger tern- authenticity debates of the 1990s.12 The
the conununal ~~ill to associate a place tory of their urban, rural, and/or Nara Document principally addresses
with individuals or events. natural settings, which also require the nature of authenticity in a universal
No heritage category, however, chal- conservation and management. context that is applicable to Western as ,
longed conventional theories, notions of 3. The physical character of HULs is well as non-Western cultures. The more
authenticity, and management models as defined as much by their urban and extensive San Antonio text goes consid-
much as the rapidly evolving category of architectural traits as by their natural erably further by delving deeply into
cultural landscapes, whose very nature is setting, the geographic and topo- authenticity as a reflection of the full
identified as dynamic and in a constant graphic elements that preceded them range of values attributed to heritage in
process of histoxlc change. and shaped their growth, and the the multicultural contexts of the Ameri-
resulting viewsheds. cas. The text also guides the analysis of
bVORLD-HERITAGE HISTORIC URBAN LANDSCAPeS 37
such authenticity in three heritage-site greater role for geographers; eliciting thenticity in terms of the material evidence
categories: historic towns and districts, and interpreting the values attributed refers to the originality of the extant historic
cultural landsca es and archaeolo Tical to HULs b communit rou sand fabric as a carrier of values. Integrity refers to
p , b Y Y $ P the amount of extant authentic historic fabric
sites. In spite oftts focus on the Western other stakeholders would require and its ability to convey the full significance of
Hemisphere, the principles and analyses sociologists, demographers, and the place. ~
of the Declaration of San Antonio have ethnologists; and the integration of 3. UNESCO, Operational Guidelines for the
found worldwide resonance.13 HULs in the overall development of Lnplementation of the World Heritage Conven-
The Declaration of San Antonio gives the community would call for the tion (1996 Revision}, Paragraph 24 (b)(i}.
extensive consideration to the values participation of economists and other 4. Andrzej Tomaszewski, "Tangible and Intan-
gible Values of Cultural Property in Western
that support authenticity from seven financial experts. Tradition and Science," in Pruceedings of the
different perspectives, all of which are 3. The legislative mechanisms that have 14th General Assembly of ICOMOS (Paris:
relevant to HULs: authenticity and been developed to protect the mate- International Council on Monuments and Sites,
2004).
identity, authenticity a_nd history, au- rial fabric of historic cities are insuffi- 5. Cesare Brandi, Tevria del Resiauro (Torino:
thenticity and materials, authenticity cient to protect the many intangible G. Einaudi, 1963).
and social value, authenticity in dynamic carriers of significance in HULs, such 6. Gustavo Giovannor.i, vecchie citta ed edilzia
and static sites, authenticity and stew- as the role of traditional and historic nuova, 2nd ed- (Rome: CittaStudi, 1995).
ardship, and authenticity and inhabitants, viewsheds, communal While well known in the Italian conservation
economics. practices and rituals, and specific community, the work of Giovannoni is rela-
Unfortunately, as was the case with historic uses of the ubltC s ace. tivcly obscure elsewhere and has never been
P P translated into Ertglisl:. Editions Seuil, Paris,
the earlier reference to Riegl's work, the Whether legal protection for some of pu~lished an abridged French translation by
declaration also stops short of a sub- these intangibles is possible or even Jcan-Marc Mandosio in 1998 under the title of
stantial analysis of the changes in pro- desirable is still unclear. I'Urbanisnie face aux villes anciennes.
fessional practice that would be needed 4. The requirement for impact state- 7. For the full text of the World Heritage
to implement the vision it presents. menu should be ex anded be and Convention, see hnp://whc.unesco.org/en/
P Y conventiontexd.
Nevertheless, within the recommends- proposed major public works to g, The World Heritage Committee, the main
tions that are given at the end of the include effects on inherent values of body in charge of the implementation of the
document, the implementation of the HULs. Other types of planning deci- World Heritage Convention, has developed
following acrions and ideas may be sions may have nothing to do with precise criteria for the inscription of properties
discerned as im ortant new tools et to on the World I-Icritage List. These are hteluded
p Y the physical urban infrastructure but in the Operational Guidelines for the [mple-
be developed for dealing with the emerg- may severely impact the intangible mentation of the ~C'crld Heritage Convennon, a
ing heritage category of HULs: elements. document that is periocically reused to accept
1. The concept of HCJLs is much larger new concepts, knowledge and experience. See
than that of historic towns. Existing GUSTAVO P: ARAOZ is a preservation archi- http://whc.unesco.org/en/guidelines/.
le al boundaries of historic towns are tect living in Washington, D.C. I [e is exccuuve 9. Alois Riegl, "The Modern Cult of Monu-
g director of the United Staces Committee of menu: its Character and Its Origin [1903]," in
insufficient, even meaningless, in ICOMOS and is serving his second term as Oppositions 25 (Pall 1982}: 21-51.
providing the desired protection to one of five International Vice-Presidents of 10. Article 5 of the Venice Charter states: "The
the entirety of a HUL.. Even the ICOMOS. conservation of ronuments is always facili-
World Heritage requirement of pro- rated by making use of them for some socially
retied buffer zones around historic Notes useful purpose. Such use is therefore desirable
but it must not change the layout or decoration
towns and districts has been deemed 1. UNI?SCO, Vienna Memorandum on World of the building. It is within these limits that
insufficient in [he context Of HULs. Heritage and Contemporary Architecture - modifications demanded by a change. of ftmc-
Major conceptual changes are needed Managing the Historic Urban Landscape, tion should be envisaged and may be permit-
World Heritage Document WI IC-OS/1S.GA. red." For the full text of the charters men-
in professional and legislative ap- INF.7, Arrcle 5, http://rvww.icomos.org/ tinned, see http://www.international.icomos
prose}1es to the conservation of his- usianr:os/Scientific_Committees/Landscapes! .org/charters.htm.
tonic cities to incorporate this vision. UNESCO-ViennaMemorandum-2005.pdf. 11. UNESCO, Vienna Memorandum, Article
K;OMOS, the: International Council on Monu- 10.
2. Because the range ar:d nature of ments and Sites, an international, non-govern-
values attributed to HULs and identi- mental membership organization of specialists l2. ICOMOS, the Nara Document on Authen-
fied also in the Declaration of San in heritage conservation, is one of the tluee ticity, http://www.international.icomos.org/
Antonio have ex anded to include statutory advisory bodies established by the naradoc_eng.htm; the Declaration of San
p World Heritage Convention. In that capacity Antonio, httpa/www.icomos.org/docs/sar._
intangible attributions for whose IGOIvIOS evaluates all nominations of cultural antonio.hunl
application rto thorough metl:odolo- sites to the World heritage List and monitors 13. In considering the Declaration of San
gies have yet been developed, the the state of conservation of all sites inscribed in Antonio, recognition must be given ro the
it. The ~Krorld Heritage Centre is the Secretariat Charter of Brasilia as its major template and
HUL management team needs to go
for the World Heritage Committee, an e,ected inspiration. The Charter of Brasilia was one of.
beyond the traditional disciplines of body of State Parties to the World Heritage the regional-background dacumcnts for the San
architecture, urbanism, Conservation, Convention in charge of managing and imple- Antonio Symposium. The ICOMOS National
and history to include new expertise menting the convention. T'he Cen ~re is based Committees of Argentina, Brazil, Chile,
inside UNESCO headquarters in 1 aris, France. Paraguay, and Uruguay jointly drafted the
from the natural and social sciences.
2. According to the most recent edition of the Charter of Brasilia, available at http://www
For instance the large territorial World Heritage Operational Guidelines, au- .icomos.org/usicomos/Symposium/SSYM96_
expanse of HULs would necessitate a Authenticity(Southern_Cone_English.html