01.18 Chautauqua Historic District Design Guidelines - LIGHTINGChautauqua Park Historic District
Lighting Design Guidelines
JANUARY 2018
Project Team
Marcy Cameron, Historic Preservation
Planner, PH&S
Michael Matts, Director of Cultural
Resources & Operations, CCA
CCA Representatives
Tom Thorpe, BOD
Nan Anderson, BOD
John Kenyon, BOD
Kristin Lewis, B&G
Barbara Guthery, B&G
CCA Board of Directors
Cindy Schmidt, President
Nan Anderson, Vice President
Michelle Estrella, Treasurer
Bill Briggs, Secretary
Linda Arroyo-Holmstrom
Anne Clemons
Dan Corson
Olivia Foulkrod
Mike Franson
Tom Galey
Bob Morehouse
Lisa Morzel
Julie Rogers
Margaret Ryder
Tom Thorpe
Advisory Boards
Parks and Recreation Advisory Board
Open Space Board of Trustees
Consultants
Tina Bishop, Principal, Mundus Bishop
Shelby Scharen, Mundus Bishop
Kate Bolton, Mundus Bishop
David Roederer, Clanton and
Associates
Landmarks Board
Eric Budd, Chair
Bill Jellick
Ronnie Pelusio
Fran Sheets
Deborah Yin
Working Group Members
Abby Daniels, Historic Boulder, Inc.
Ben Gilbert, Colorado Chautauqua
Cottagers
Karl Anuta, Friends of Chautauqua
Kathryn Barth, Friends of Chautauqua
Dan Corson, Former LB member and
neighbor
Korbin Pugh, History Colorado
Astrid Liverman, History Colorado
Cosima Krueger-Cunningham, Sierra
Club- Indian Peaks Chapter
Core Team Members
Jeff Medanich, Colorado Chautauqua
Association
Jeff Haley, Parks and Recreation
James Hewat, Historic Preservation,
PH&S
Ben Irwin, Communications
Gretchen King, Communications
Joe Paulson, Public Works
Ericka Pilcher, Open Space and
Mountain Parks
Joel Wagner, Finance
Acknowledgements
These guidelines were developed in 2017 through the collaborative efforts
of the Colorado Chautauqua Association (CCA), City of Boulder, consultant
team, working group and core team members, and community members.
Historic photographs were provided by CCA and the Carnegie Branch Library
for Local History.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Development of the Design Guidelines
Project Purpose, Goals and Objectives ...............................4
Process ...............................................................................5
Study Area and Surroundings (Map) ..................................6
History of Lighting at Chautauqua
Summary of Lighting at the Colorado Chautauqua ............9
Lighting Chronology ..........................................................15
Existing Conditions Assessment
Existing Conditions Assessment .......................................17
Existing Lighting (Map) .....................................................18
Needs Assessment
Lighting Needs ..................................................................23
Recommended Approaches to Lighting
Lighting Areas at Chautauqua (Map) ...............................28
Lighting Principles and Lighting Areas ..............................29
Lighting Design Guidelines
Introduction ......................................................................32
Design Guidelines .............................................................33
Glossary ............................................................................43
Chautauqua Lighting Design Guidelines
4
DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIGHTING DESIGN GUIDELINES
The Colorado Chautauqua was founded in 1898 as an educational,
artistic and cultural retreat as part of the national Chautauqua
movement. In 1978, the 40-acre site was designated as a local and
National Register historic district, and in 2006 it was designated as a
National Historic Landmark.
In 2017, the Colorado Chautauqua Association (CCA) and the City of
Boulder undertook the development of lighting design guidelines for
Chautauqua, guided by the Guiding Principles for Collaborative Place
Management and Fiscal Sustainability (2012). The development
of these guidelines was led by the project team and consultants
Mundus Bishop and Clanton and Associates and was informed by
input from a Community Working Group, Staff Core Team, public
open houses, and joint study sessions between representatives
of the CCA Board of Directors and the City of Boulder Landmarks
Board.
The Lighting Design Guidelines are intended to assist applicants in
planning for changes to exterior lighting within the Chautauqua
Park Historic District and to provide the City of Boulder’s Landmarks
Board and the CCA’s Building and Grounds Committee with a
framework for making informed decisions that will ensure lighting
improvements are appropriate to the special character of the place,
while providing reasonable safety, security and navigation for its
stewards and users. This document provides a history of lighting
within Chautauqua, an assessment of current lighting conditions,
expressed needs for lighting from a variety of users, guiding
principles and desired lighting qualities that were used to inform the
design guidelines.
This work builds upon prior research and planning documents for
the Chautauqua Park Historic District including the National Register
Nomination (1978); National Historic Landmark Nomination (2006);
Chautauqua Park Historic District Cultural Landscape Assessment
and Plan (2004); the Chautauqua Park Historic District Design
Guidelines (1989); and the Chautauqua Landscape Design Guidelines
(2012). In 2012, a Master Exterior Lighting Plan (MELP) was created
by the CCA to establish an exterior lighting system at Chautauqua;
however this plan did not fully examine the historic context or
appropriateness of lighting. It is these issues that this document
seeks to fully address.
Project Goals:
• Provide context for the
historic intent and use of
lighting at Chautauqua;
• Identify and assess the need
for lighting at Chautauqua;
• Utilize feedback from the
Staff Core Team, Community
Working Group, Boards, and
members of the public in
making recommendations;
• Provide performance-based
design guidelines that are
broad, direction based, to
aid in the decision-making
process for exterior lighting at
Chautauqua.
Project Objectives:
• Determine the range
of acceptable lighting
approaches;
• Determine the appropriate
amount of exterior lighting;
• Determine appropriate
lighting levels.
5
Development of the Lighting Design Guidelines
Process
In early 2017, the Staff Core Team and Community Working
Group were formed. The Staff Core Team was composed
of representatives from the CCA, as well as from the City’s
Public Works, Open Space and Mountain Parks, Parks and
Recreation, Planning, Housing and Sustainability, Finance, and
Communications departments. The Community Working Group
was composed of representatives of Friends of Chautauqua,
Historic Boulder, Inc., History Colorado, Chautauqua Cottagers,
and the Sierra Club – Indian Peaks Chapter. Both groups met
regularly through the process, and their input was integrated
into the design guidelines. Five Joint Study Sessions between
representatives of the CCA Board of Directors and the City of
Boulder Landmarks Board were held over the course of the
project.
Two open houses were held in tandem with the first two Joint
Study Sessions. Additionally, the project team reached out to
Dining Hall staff and concert-goers to gather input from different
user groups. An online survey collected additional input.
The Lighting Design Guidelines were developed in four phases:
1. History of Lighting and Existing Conditions; Development
of Project Goals and Draft Lighting Principles
The initial phase focused on evaluating existing
conditions, researching the history of lighting at
Chautauqua, assessing the appropriateness and need
for lighting, developing project goals and Draft Lighting
Principles.
2. Development of Lighting Areas and Desired Qualities
The second phase included the development of Draft
Character Areas and Draft Desired Lighting Qualities,
shaped by the Lighting Principles and feedback from the
working groups, boards and community members.
3. Draft Design Guidelines
Following the development of the Lighting Principles
and Desired Qualities, the consultant created specific
design guidelines to aid in future decision-making
related to exterior lighting within the boundaries of the
historic district.
4. Finalize Design Guidelines
The last phase involved finalizing the design guidelines.
The Lighting Design Guidelines were brought to the
CCA Board of Directors and the Landmarks Board for
adoption.
Chautauqua Lighting Design Guidelines
6
Study Area - Chautauqua Park Historic District
7
Development of the Lighting Design Guidelines
Study Area and Surroundings
The Chautauqua Historic District is located in Boulder, Colorado,
at the foot of Green Mountain. It was established in 1898 as an
educational, artistic and cultural retreat as part of the national
chautauqua movement. The Chautauqua Historic District is one of a
few remaining chautauquas in the United States. Its grounds, roads,
cottages, and public buildings comprise an area of 40 acres bordered
on three sides by City of Boulder Open Space and Mountain Parks.
The Chautauqua Historic District is listed in the National Register
of Historic Places (1978), designated as a local historic district
(1978), and as a National Historic Landmark (2006). It has been in
continuous operation since its founding, under the joint stewardship
of the Colorado Chautauqua Association (CCA) and the City of
Boulder, and retains historic integrity with its historic buildings,
structures, and grounds intact.
The City of Boulder owns the land encompassing the Chautauqua
Historic District and also the Auditorium, Dining Hall and Academic
Hall buildings. CCA leases those three buildings and 28 acres of
grounds from the City, and owns 60 cottages and two lodges,
which it makes available for nightly lodging or longer term rental.
CCA also owns the Community House which is made available for
various public and private events and meetings. CCA holds sub-lease
agreements with 40 privately-owned cottages located throughout
the leasehold. CCA manages the Dining Hall, the Auditorium and
Academic Hall; the City manages the public park and adjacent
Open Space land. The Chautauqua Park Historic District is home
to summer and, increasingly, winter residents who reside in its
cottages, most of which are historic.
For purposes of this document the Chautauqua Historic District is
divided into the Study Area and Context Area:
The Study Area (page 6) includes the CCA leasehold area,
Chautauqua Green, and portions of Chautauqua Open Space. The
study area includes the 40 acre parcel roughly triangular in shape
that extends from Baseline Road on the north into the City of
Boulder Open Space and Mountain Parks on the south.
The Context Area (page 8) is the transition area around the study
area that influences or could be influenced by lighting within
the study area. The transition area is generally defined as the
neighborhoods or public lands immediately adjacent to the historic
district (Baseline Road, east and west of the study area; 12th Street;
and neighborhoods to the north; and the edge at Chautauqua
Open Space). This area provides a context for guidelines and
recommendations for the historic district but no specific guidelines
are developed for this context area.
Chautauqua Lighting Design Guidelines
8
Context Area, Chautauqua Park Historic District.
9
History of
Lighting at
Chautauqua
Chautauqua Lighting Design Guidelines
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Horse and buggy parking area, with hanging light at center background, circa 1898.
Pendant light at Wildrose Road and Academic Hall Fountain, circa 1900.
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History of Lighting at Chautauqua
HISTORY OF LIGHTING AT CHAUTAUQUA
The Colorado Chautauqua was founded in 1898 as the Texas-
Colorado Chautauqua. The founders established the property and
the program with great attention to the “Chautauqua Idea:” learning
for all, cultural entertainment, and leisure in a natural and inspiring
setting. Chautauqua was originally established as a seasonal camp
for teachers from Texas and their families, among others. At a time
when primary and secondary teacher training was rudimentary or
non-existent, chautauquas brought post-secondary education to
millions and teacher training to thousands. Chautauquas brought
prominent speakers, high culture, and popular entertainments
to non-urban areas. While cities were growing more congested,
chautauquas emphasized the benefits of outdoor life.1
Its location on the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains represents
the westward spread of the movement, and today it remains the
only independent assembly in continuous operation in the Western
United States, with grounds always having been open and free for
public enjoyment.
The setting of Boulder’s Chautauqua has remained essentially as
it was in 1898. Its sites, buildings, and structures are intact, the
property tells a cohesive narrative, and its grounds are open to the
general public. Today, visitors experience the Colorado Chautauqua
much as it was at the height of the Chautauqua Movement.2 It
continues to be home for summer and winter residents whom
reside in its historic cottages. The Chautauqua Green is an important
and popular Boulder park.
The architectural and historic significance of the Colorado
Chautauqua has been recognized through local historic landmark
and National Historic Landmark designation. The identified period
of significance from 1898 to 1930 marks the foundation of the
Colorado Chautauqua through its height and subsequent decline of
the Chautauqua Movement as a whole.
History of Lighting at the Colorado Chautauqua
The introduction of electric lighting at Chautauqua in 1898 followed
the development of lighting elsewhere in the city. Electric lights
were first installed in downtown Boulder in 1886, through funding
by private business owners, who sought to reduce the need to
carry personal lanterns “to avoid falling in mud-holes or irrigation
ditches.”3
1 Colorado Chautauqua NHL Registration Form, 46.
2 Colorado Chautauqua NHL Registration Form, 60.
3 Gladden, Sanford Charles. The Early Days of Boulder, Colorado. 1982,
Chautauqua Lighting Design Guidelines
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Lighting at Dining Hall at left side of photograph, circa 1898.
Lighting outside of Mariposa Cottage (34), circa 1900.
13
History of Lighting at Chautauqua
In 1890, the Boulder City Council passed a motion to build 27
street lights in collaboration with the Electric Light Company. The
Boulder County HERALD reported on this development in an article
“Splendidly Lighted: Boulder to Have Twenty-Seven Arc Lights on
the Streets,” in which they describe security as being an “important
element” of the lighting installation, as well as the experiential
quality of arriving to a lit town, which they considered to be
impressive, grand, friendly and warm. The paper considered “the
move a grand, good one.”4 These sources indicate that electric street
lighting was viewed as mainly utilitarian in nature and also signified
safety, comfort, and enjoyment of a place at night time.
Lighting at Chautauqua was also regarded as adding to the beauty
of the place: “There were few buildings or trees between the
University and the Chautauqua grounds, and the ‘brilliant cluster’ of
the lights glittered, according to one reporter, ‘like so many gems in
the distance.’”5
The Boulder County HERALD reported in June of 1899 that the “The
Chautauqua grounds were lighted up last night with arc lights for
the first time this year. They looked exceedingly beautiful.”6 The
original lighting fixtures were mounted to tall wood electrical poles
and supplied lighting to key locations within the campus, including
the Dining Hall, Auditorium, and parking area. The lighting poles and
fixtures appear to have been utilitarian in style, and did not provide
any daytime aesthetic or decorative purpose.
Historic photographs show utility poles with suspended luminaires
and literature refers to arc lights at the Chautauqua. Arc lamps
were astringent and brilliant, with a very high color temperature
and a very small source. They were much more powerful than
the contemporary incandescent lamps of the time. The lit areas
directly below an arc lamp would have been very bright with distinct
shadows. The wide spacing of the lights would have had very high
ratios of uniformity so that spaces between lit areas would seem
very dark. The surrounding context was dark, with the night sky and
foothills as a background, so the contrast between illuminated and
dark areas would have been very great. Photographs indicate little
or no shielding to the lights, so the output was not controlled but
cast an even amount of light in most directions. Overall, the original
lighting at Chautauqua would have been glary and the uniformity
very wide.
642-643.
4 “Splendidly Lighted: Boulder to Have Twenty-Seven Arc Lights on the
Streets.” Boulder County HERALD, November 19, 1890.
5 Pettem, Silvia. Chautauqua Centennial: A Hundred Years of Program. 4.
6 Boulder County HERALD, June 28, 1899.
Chautauqua Lighting Design Guidelines
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Historic lighting locations, 1920 to 1928.
15
History of Lighting at Chautauqua
Newspaper accounts confirm that there were lights and electricity
to the camp since the inaugural season. Electrical poles with areas
of tents are visible in 1898 historic photographs. These appear to be
tall poles that provide lighting for specific areas at the interior of the
campus. The fixtures appear as cone-shaped pendants. Not all poles
had a light. Light fixtures appear at major points of interest and
gathering (parking area, Dining Hall).
Photograph indicates a pole with simple light fixture for area lighting
on Wildrose Road. A view of the buggy parking shows a single wood
pole with a simple pendant, along with other electrical poles (not all
had lighting, but there were at least 2 along this road).
A series of poles line both sides of the entry drive from Baseline
Road to the Dining Hall. These appear to be for electricity, but it is
unconfirmed how many of them may have incorporated lighting.
A photograph from August 1900 shows a pendant light north of the
Academic Hall adjacent to the Academic Hall Fountain.
Photograph shows electrical poles visible at Tennis Court, within
tent and cottage areas, and at edges of the campus. These poles
appear to be electric poles only and likely did not provide exterior
lighting to these areas.
Photograph indicates a painted wood pole with a pendant light
located between the Dining Hall and the Auditorium. Another
photograph from the same time shows a pendant light on Clematis
Drive. There does not appear to have been any lighting on the east
side of the campus.
King’s Gate was built with columns, topped by open air ‘lights.’
There is no evidence that these had electricity or were ever lit; they
were likely just decorative caps.
Photograph of the Auditorium shows a pendant light on the
northeast side of the building.
Sanborn map indicates “lights, electrical” for the Auditorium and
Dining Hall.
Lighting was expanded in select spaces. Pendant lights changed to
a hanging globe light, but lights were still located on tall electrical
poles, which were unornamented and functional.
1898
c.1900
1903
c.1910
1911
1914
1918
c.1920
LIGHTING CHRONOLOGY
Chautauqua Lighting Design Guidelines
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Repair and infrastructure improvements included winterization
of many cottages, and the installation of plumbing and heating.
Electrical service was upgraded and exterior lighting was replaced,
including the addition of the globe lighting fixtures at the northwest
entrance to the Auditorium. It is uncertain as to whether these
fixtures (remaining) were viewed as decorative at the time, or
simply beacons to welcome visitors to the Auditorium. Photographs
show wood posts with double or singular cross bars for the electrical
system, indicating that in general lighting continued to be utilitarian,
with fixtures mounted to electrical poles.
Photographs indicate cobrahead lighting was installed in this period
and continues to be used at Chautauqua.
The Auditorium was rehabilitated, and electrical service was
upgraded. Modern street lights were installed.
Pedestrian-scaled, acorn shaped fixtures added at Auditorium,
Dining Hall and along Clematis Drive.
1940s
1960s
1976
1998
Chautauqua Park postcard. Photo courtesy
of Leland Rucker and Billie Gutgsell.
17
Existing
Conditions
Assessment
Chautauqua Lighting Design Guidelines
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Existing Lighting, Chautauqua Park Historic District.
19
Existing Conditions Assessment
EXISTING CONDITIONS ASSESSMENT
Lighting currently at Chautauqua varies in area and application.
Installed and upgraded sporadically over time as technology
advanced and needs were recognized there is now an eclectic mix of
luminaires and poles. Concentrated at the more frequently visited
destinations by the general public, the Dining Hall and Auditorium
have the most instances of light fixtures and highest illumination
levels. Pathlighting aids navigation erratically to some destinations
which are dark, such as parking areas or exiting the park. The light
sources are fairly consistent from very warm color high pressure
sodium sources in the streetlights to warm color retrofit compact
fluorescent (CFL) and light emitting diode (LED) lamps in pedestrian
scale and building mounted luminaires. Controls are basic as the
streetlighting is dusk-to-dawn operated on photocells, to local
control of building mounted luminaires. These are all moderately
energy efficient light sources with good life expectancy. Except for
the streetlights, most of the luminaires are not Dark Sky Friendly.
The Chautauqua character is partially defined by the current
lighting. There are comfortably illuminated, inviting spaces and
poorly or non-illuminated areas and different needs for different
type areas and experiences.
Public Spaces
The brightest areas on the campus, by comparison, are created
in these areas with acorn and globe style luminaires mounted on
decorative fluted poles. This higher level of lighting creates a visual
destination, aiding navigation. It is easy to see one’s way in these
areas and there is a sense of safety. The globe light fixtures on the
northwest side of the Auditorium were added in the 1940s, and the
acorn pedestrian lighting was added in 1998. Some of the acorn
poles have dedication placards as people have made donations for
them.
Near the Auditorium and Dining Hall ambient lighting is created with
these acorns and globes. Additional lighting around the Dining Hall
is spill light from porch ceiling mounted and scone luminaires.
These public buildings also have various egress luminaires at exits.
The light sources are warm compact fluorescent or LED retrofit
bulbs, with good color rendering (>75 CRI)
The ambient lighting luminaires are not Dark-Sky Friendly and
operate dusk to dawn every day. The Dining Hall porch lights are
controlled by the porch ceiling minimizing spill into the sky.
Gathering spaces and major building
entrances are illuminated from acorn and
multi-globe style luminaires on decorative
poles. LED retrofit lamps are installed.
The “Acorn” style fixture in this image has
potential for glare, yet the low wattage
light source in it and a fairly luminous
background help to balance the brightness.
Chautauqua Lighting Design Guidelines
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The bulbs are medium wattage gauged by their brightness and do
not cause glare.
Residential
The residential area has minimal lighting from high pressure sodium
cobrahead streetlights supplemented by porchlights on cottages.
The streetlights are owned and maintained by Xcel and are mounted
on wood utility poles. The east-west streets typically become darker
at mid-block making it difficult for pedestrians to see while walking
in the street. The porch lights add some visual brightness, but no
illuminance in the street.
The light sources are warm, high pressure sodium in the streetlights
and incandescent, compact fluorescent or LED bulbs at the cottages.
While the streetlights can be mildly glary due to their high wattage,
the eclectic mix of porch lights are visually interesting.
When installed correctly, the streetlights are Dark-Sky Friendly.
Many porch lights have translucent diffusers and are typically not
Dark-Sky Friendly.
Cottage occupants typically control the porchlights.
Parking / Vehicular
There are four off-street parking areas, none of which are
illuminated consistently:
• The Academic Hall lot is lit by spill from two nearby streetlights. It
is possible to find one’s car, but the lighting is minimal.
• The Half-Moon lot is not lit. Light from a nearby streetlight on
12th street is shadowed by a large tree.
• The Overflow/Tennis lot has residential grade LED floodlights
controlled by integral motion sensors with unreliable operation.
This area is surrounded and isolated by vegetation and accessed
by a winding path or steep stairway. Safety and security are both
minimal here.
• The Ranger Cottage parking area is lit from a single cobrahead
streetlight located at the trailhead.
Streets are lit by cobrahead luminaires at intersections and
parking pull-outs on Sumac Drive which does allow navigation for
pedestrians around the green.
The streetlights are warm high pressure sodium, the floodlights
are cool color LED sources and can be very glary due to the low
mounting height necessitating a low aiming angle.
When installed correctly, the streetlights are Dark-Sky Friendly. The
floodlights are not.
Various porch lights are installed through-
out the dwellings and secondary buildings.
Compact fluorescent and LED retrofit lamps
are generally used.
Cobra head luminaires with high pressure
sodium lamps are mounted on wood poles
for the majority of the street lighting.
Cobra head luminaires also provide lighting
for some parking areas.
21
Existing Conditions Assessment
The streetlights are operated dusk to dawn. The floodlights are
intermittent and unreliable.
Primary Pedestrian
Primary Paths: Near the Auditorium and Dining Hall, the acorn and
globe style luminaires provide adequate illumination to navigate
between buildings but minimal to no lighting between the Dining
Hall to the Arbor, and onto the Trolley Station/Kings Gate.
Secondary Paths: In residential areas there are no sidewalks and
pedestrians use the streets to travel. The streetlights provide way-
finding lighting supplemented by the porchlights.
Park
The perimeter of the Chautauqua Green, Waterwise Garden,
and Centennial Garden are lit by spill from adjacent lighting, and
Centennial Garden additionally has four compact fluorescent
landscape uplights. They are all dark spaces and yet are comfortable
due to light from outside the park areas.
The at-grade uplights at the Centennial Garden negatively impacts
pedestrian visibility and experience at night. They are not Dark Sky
Friendly and are a source of glare.
Open Space
These spaces are not currently illuminated and provide a dark
nighttime experience. There is little light trespass or glare,
depending on orientation and depth into the Open Space. Stars are
readily visible.
Baseline
There are currently cobrahead style streetlights at each crosswalk.
The lighting levels are adequate for pedestrian/vehicular safety at
a minimal level, the single light at each crosswalk does not provide
preferable three-dimensional lighting.
Pedestrian scale lighting is typically
provided for by street lighting.
The Chautauqua Green
At-grade uplighting in the Centennial Garden
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23
Needs
Assessment
Chautauqua Lighting Design Guidelines
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Chautauqua Today
The cultural and educational mission of the Chautauqua continues
today through concerts, lectures, and social events. Use tends
to peak during the summer, however, the Dining Hall and special
events draw people to Chautauqua year-round and at various
times during the day. In 2016, forty community events were held
at the Community House in the evening, hosting 4,675 attendees.
Numerous private events, including wedding receptions and award
programs were also held.
Visitors and newcomers alike enjoy the different amenities
Chautauqua has to offer. Over 40,000 people attended
performances at the Auditorium in 2016 and the Dining Hall
averages 3,500 customers per week. Staff and volunteers support
various activities and events, often arriving earlier and staying later
than the scheduled event times. Cottagers, lodging guests and hikers
navigate through the historic district on a regular basis.
In their joint stewardship, the City of Boulder and the CCA are
tasked with carefully considering changes to this special historic
place. Acknowledging the increased number of evening events and
the diverse set of users, including people of all ages and abilities, the
design of exterior lighting should have the least amount of impact
while meeting the safety, security and navigational needs that have
been expressed through this process.
Needs Assessment
Input was gathered over the course of the development of the
Lighting Design Guidelines through meetings, study sessions, open
houses, a feedback booth, an online survey, and an evening walking
tour. Participants included representatives of five city departments
and CCA staff, five community groups, the Landmarks Board and CCA
Board of Directors, community members, concert-goers and Dining
Hall employees.
While there was a wide variety of opinions, there was general
agreement in a number of areas. Namely, that a conservative
approach to lighting is appropriate, that different areas of
Chautauqua require specialized approaches to lighting, that the
need for lighting should be clearly documented.
In terms of lighting qualities, the majority of participants considered
that lighting approaches should minimize light pollution and
light trespass, and provide lighting only when and where it is
necessary. To that end, there were many suggestions that lights be
programmed to be turned down or off when they are not needed.
25
Needs Assessment
Most participants indicated that lighting is needed for safety, to
reduce tripping hazards, and wayfinding. While there were many
people who considered lighting is not needed for security purposes,
the majority of Dining Hall employees that responded to a survey
expressed a desire for increased lighting between the Dining Hall
and the Tennis Court Parking Lot, which they typically access late
at night and early in the morning. Residents and staff reported
interactions with bears and other animals across the campus after
dark.
Public Spaces
Public spaces, including the Auditorium, Dining Hall and Community
House, are regularly programmed for evening public use and are
destinations for community members and visitors of many ages and
abilities. As such, there exists a greater need for lighting than other
areas. Many participants indicated that the quality of lighting (glare,
spill, color temperature) could be improved at the Auditorium and
Dining Hall.
Lighting at Public Spaces should facilitate navigation, and address
safety concerns by illuminating tripping hazards such as stairs and
curbs. In some public spaces, additional safety and wayfinding
lighting may be necessary, where in other areas existing lighting may
be too bright and unpleasant and may be reduced or removed.
Residential
Residential areas have a need for lighting to provide safe walking
areas and pedestrian navigation at night, but residents have
expressed concern that they would not like this area to be brightly
illuminated. Currently, portions of the campus are difficult to
navigate by pedestrians due to inconsistent lighting – glare from
inappropriately sited and angled lights, in contrast to dark areas that
obscure stone swales, rocks, and uneven walking surfaces that are
characteristic of the historic district.
While residents may be encouraged to leave porch lights on, lighting
from individual cottages is not consistent, and cannot be relied upon
to adequately provide light in the residential areas.
Appropriate lighting levels are needed to facilitate safe movement
for drivers and pedestrians. Pedestrian safety includes the ability
to navigate in the dark with a minimization of tripping hazards.
Safety issues include the need for adequate lighting at pedestrian
intersections, to minimize accidents with vehicular traffic.
Chautauqua Lighting Design Guidelines
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Parking/Vehicular Circulation
In general, participants indicated that streetlights, located at
key intersections, provided adequate lighting, but that the
fixtures could be improved by reducing the level of spill onto
lawns and into houses and by carefully trimming vegetation
that currently obscures the light source.
Improved lighting is needed along the path to the Tennis
Court parking lot and at the parking lot to provide a
consistent level of light to see one’s car and to address
security concerns of employees and volunteers that use this
lot. Stairs and other tripping hazards should be adequately
lit.
Primary Pedestrian
The network of sidewalks are used on a daily basis by
concert-goers, Dining Hall and Colorado Music Festival
employees and volunteers, residents and visitors of all ages
and abilities. Lighting is needed for navigation and to reduce
tripping hazards (safety). Some participants indicated that
lighting was needed at the Arbor and between the King’s
Gate entrance at Baseline Road and the Auditorium, to
address securtiy and wayfinding concerns.
Park
The center of Chautauqua Green has historically not been
lit, and there is not a need to introduce lighting there.
The area should remain unlit to maintain the historic and
architectural integrity of the district. Minimal light exists
in the Centennial and Waterwise Gardens, which provides
appropriate wayfinding.
Open Space
All participants agreed that the Open Space surrounding the
historic district should remain dark, to protect wildlife, open
spaces and park areas, and scenic viewsheds.
Baseline Road
Additional lighting would facilitate safer pedestrian crossings
at Baseline Road. Some participants considered lighting to
be needed at the bus stops and at the trolley stop.
27
Recommended
Approaches to
Lighting
Chautauqua Lighting Design Guidelines
28
Lighting Areas at Chautauqua, overlaid on the Existing Lighting Conditions Map.
29
Recommended Approaches to Lighting
LIGHTING AREAS
Seven Lighting Areas have been identified to acknowledge
the variety of spaces and uses within the Chautauqua Park
Historic District. In addition to the general approach to lighting,
recommendations are made for each lighting area. The lighting
areas are intended to be broad, illustrative and not to represent firm
boundaries; some locations may fall into two lighting areas.
1. General - In general, care should be taken to preserve the
night sky, architectural character, views and his-toric integrity
of the historic district by lighting areas and features only
when and where need has been demonstrated. A holistic
approach to lighting should be taken, and lighting should be de-
signed to utilize Dark Sky Friendly qualities. Lighting qualities
should respect the historic character of the district, with a
warm light color, and minimal light spill, trespass and glare.
Fixtures should be simple in design and respect the utilitarian
character of the historic district’s original lighting, and be of an
appropriate scale and size.
2. Public Spaces - Public spaces include areas of most pedestrian
traffic and are most frequently visited. They are usually adjacent
to, or near public buildings including the Auditorium, Dining Hall,
Academic Hall, and Community House, and include the kiosks and
rest room building. Lighting in public spaces should recognize the
essential “camp-like” character of the historic district. Lighting
in Public Spaces should be subdued while providing adequate
navigation and illumination of potential tripping hazards, including
steps and curbs.
3. Residential- The residential area includes buildings owned
and leased by the CCA and privately owned cottages south of
Clematis extending to the southern edge of the historic district.
A conservative approach to lighting is recommended for the
residential area, and the overall sense of brightness should not
be higher than the surrounding neighborhoods. Lighting should
be subdued and unobtrusive while providing navigation and
illumination of potential tripping hazards, including swales and
curbs. Lighting should be visually comfortable, with consistency
in color temperature. Street lights should be designed to only
illuminate the street, with minimal light trespass onto lawns
and into buildings. The goal of residential lighting is to provide
pools of light that serve as wayfinding lights, rather than a
uniform, consistent background.
LIGHTING PRINCIPLES
The Lighting Principles were
developed through feedback from
the Staff Core Team, Community
Working Group, community
members and board members, and
inform the recommendations and
lighting design guidelines.
• Preserve the camp-like character
and architectural and historic
integrity of the Chautauqua
Park Historic District/National
Historic Landmark when
proposing lighting for the district
or surroundings.
• Provide a dark sky environment
for Chautauqua including
meeting or exceeding local
and national and international
guidance as set forth by
the International Dark-Sky
Association for best practices for
light level, trespass, pollution or
glare.
• Achieve energy efficiency and
sustainability in all new and
retrofitted lighting proposals.
• Provide lighting only when
and where need is clearly
identified for safety, security,
programming, accessibility
or navigation, using the basic
approach of providing a balance
or consistency of light through
use of light color and levels,
controls, and placement of
fixtures.
• Maintain dark areas within
Chautauqua and surroundings
to protect wildlife, open spaces
and park areas, and scenic
viewsheds.
Chautauqua Lighting Design Guidelines
30
4. Parking/Vehicular - Parking/Vehicular Circulation includes
areas along major roadways and parking areas utilized
primarily by visitors and staff during evening hours. These
include the parking areas at the tennis court and Academic
Hall, major intersections, and 12th Street between the picnic
shelter and tennis court parking. This does not include parking
for cottages or on-street parking. Where appropriate, lighting
in parking areas should be adequate for navigation and to
address safety and security concerns.
5. Primary Pedestrian - Primary pedestrian routes are major
pedestrian circulation routes, sidewalks, and pedestrian
crossings. These include the route between the Auditorium and
King’s Gate; the route from the Dining Hall to the Tennis Court
parking; King’s Gate; the Arbor; the south side of Clematis
Drive; and along Kinnikinic from Clematis to the Baseline
entrance. Lighting along primary pedestrian routes should be
visually comfortable, without glare, and should provide lighting
for navigation and to illuminate tripping hazards. The use of
wayfinding lighting may be appropriate to direct pedestrians to
their destination with intermittent pools of light and beginning
and ending points along paths.
6. Park - Park areas include Chautauqua Green, Waterwise
Garden and the Centennial Garden. The desire for lighting in
the park areas is for these areas to remain dark, particularly
within Chautauqua Green.
7. Open Space - Open Space includes the perimeter of the historic
district boundary which borders the City of Boulder Open Space
and Mountain Parks (OSMP) land. This includes the west, south,
and southeast edges and perimeter of the historic district.
These areas should remain dark in order to protect wildlife and
scenic viewsheds. Lighting at trails is not appropriate, and the
transition areas should remain unlit with minimal light trespass
from other areas.
8. Baseline Road- Baseline Road includes the interface between
the historic district and Baseline Road, including pedestrian
crossings, intersections, and street parking. Within the historic
district boundary, lighting may be appropriate at bus stops and
at the vehicular entrance into the historic district from Baseline.
While outside of the historic district boundary, these guidelines
acknowledge that sufficient lighting may be necessary to
facilitate safe pedestrian crossings at Baseline crosswalks and
King’s Gate.
31
Lighting
Design
Guidelines
Chautauqua Lighting Design Guidelines
32
INTRODUCTION
As a local historic district, all exterior changes require review and
approval through a Landmark Alteration Certificate (LAC). Proposals
for exterior changes are reviewed by the CCA Building and Grounds
Committee and by the City’s Historic Preservation program. Lighting
on the exterior of buildings, including on open porches but not
screened or enclosed porches, is subject to review.
The Chautauqua Lighting Design Guidelines are intended to assist
applicants as they plan changes to exterior lighting within the
Chautauqua Park Historic District. The guidelines provide the
City of Boulder Landmarks Board and the Colorado Chautauqua
Association’s Building and Grounds Committee with a framework for
making consistent decisions in its review of lighting proposals.
These Lighting Design Guidelines have been developed to recognize
the unique character of Chautauqua Historic District and are
intended to supplement the General Design Guidelines for Boulder’s
Historic Districts and Individual Landmarks, which apply unless
otherwise stated. Where the guidelines conflict these Lighting
Design Guidelines shall prevail.
The Lighting Design Guidelines are intended to be used as an aid to
appropriate design and not as a checklist of items for compliance. In
some cases, unusual circumstances may allow projects to deviate.
The guidelines begin with General Guidelines that are applicable to
all exterior lighting in the historic district, followed by more detailed
guidance for seven identified lighting areas. The lighting areas
recognize that within the historic district, there are different areas
that require specialized approaches to exterior lighting.
Regulations
There are two regulations that apply to exterior lighting at
Chautauqua.
City of Boulder Land Use Code 9-9-16 Outdoor Lighting ordinance
controls light trespass, light pollution and glare. There are maximum
light level restrictions, pole height restrictions, and control
recommendations. Uniformity ratios are restricted to 15:1 which is
appropriate for wayfinding lighting along a path. Otherwise, there
are not minimum requirements.
City of Boulder Energy Conservation Code regulates energy use and
control strategies.
Lighting proposals must meet all applicable regulations.
33
GENERAL LIGHTING DESIGN GUIDELINES
1.1 Improve existing lighting by modifying or removing
inappropriate luminaires.
.1 Ensure existing and new luminaires are properly installed so
light is directed downwards and does not spill onto adjacent
areas.
.2 Where vegetation obscures existing light, either sensitively trim
vegetation or reposition luminaires so output is not obscured.
.3 It is appropriate to remove existing luminaires within the
historic district that distract from the historic setting, obscure
viewsheds, or provide a false sense of history.
.4 Eliminate up-lighting or directional lighting that is not Dark Sky
Friendly.
1.2 Approach lighting holistically to avoid incremental change that
may lead to a higher overall illumination of the historic district.
.1 In new lighting proposals, consider lighting either by building
or area, taking into consideration the overall impact of existing
and proposed illumination.
.2 Ambient light from adjacent buildings and fixtures may
contribute to lighting levels and should be considered when
designing new lighting.
.3 Provide a consistency of luminaire design and aesthetic
within the historic district. Lighting qualities, including color
temperature, should have a consistent warmth and appearance
across the landscape.
.4 Consideration should be given to users with visual
impairments, and the variety of users in age and ability.
1.3 Preserve the night sky, architectural character, views, and
historic integrity of the historic district by lighting areas and
features only when and where need has been demonstrated.
.1 Avoid lighting where and when it is not required, and illuminate
only where need has been clearly established.
.2 Lighting building facades, front yards, or park spaces is not
appropriate.
.3 Light spill onto adjacent properties outside of the historic
district should be avoided.
.4 Design lighting utilizing Dark Sky Friendly qualities, including
the following.
• Lights should be no brighter than necessary.
• Fixtures should have no spill or limited spill, be Full Cut-off or
have a B-U-G Rating with Uplight=0.
1.0
Chautauqua Lighting Design Guidelines
34
1.4 Design lighting to facilitate navigation and address safety
concerns.
.1 New fixtures may be appropriate at destination points
with points of light at the beginning and end of paths so a
pedestrian may find their way.
• Additional points of light may be appropriate where needed
to further facilitate navigation and address safety concerns.
• The greatest uniformity should not exceed 15:1.
1.5 Utilize a programmable control system to turn off lights when
they are not needed and to dim the output for the time of night
and occasion.
.1 Recognize the varied use of the campus throughout the day,
week and season and modify lighting times and locations as
needed.
.2 Luminaires should have addressable wireless control modules
that communicate with the programmable control system.
1.6 Select new fixtures that are simple in design and respect the
utilitarian character of the historic district’s original lighting.
.1 New lighting in the historic district should generally be
unobtrusive and compatible with the overall historic character
of the buildings, sites, and streetscapes of the historic district.
.2 Select poles and luminaires that are neutral in design, and do
not create a new aesthetic or ahistorical character.
.3 New fixtures with components that reference, but that do not
replicate, character-defining features of the original fixtures
may be appropriate. Character-defining features include
orthogonal cross beams, a cone-shaped pendant, tapered pole
and unornamented design. Reference Figure 1.
.4 Select materials, colors, and finishes that are simple and blend
with the existing materials in the historic district.
.5 Reconstruction of missing fixtures or restoration of existing
features from the historic district’s period of significance (1898-
1930) is appropriate only if the materials and design are clearly
documented.
.6 It is not appropriate to introduce replica luminaires that mimic
a time or place other than what is documented at Chautauqua,
as these create a false sense of history.
1.7 Scale and size of luminaires should not overwhelm the historic
setting and should be compatible with the historic buildings and
landscape.
.1 Where possible, integrate lighting into the historic setting
through low mounting-level light fixtures such as directional
lights mounted in unobtrusive locations, pedestrian scale
pole mounted luminaires, and streetlights. Bollards may be
appropriate in unobtrusive locations, such as the perimeter of
parks, but are discouraged along pathways.
Figure 1. Sketch of original
light fixture at Chautauqua.
Character-defining features
of the original light fixtures
include orthogonal cross
beams, a cone-shaped
pendant, tapered pole and
unornamented design.
Note: Figure is for illustrative
purposes only.
35
.2 Provide a consistency of scale and size for luminaires
throughout each lighting area, appropriate to the scale of the
individual building or landscape.
1.8 Lighting qualities should respect the historic character of the
district.
.1 Light color should be warm and evoke the camp-like character
of the historic district.
• In all areas except the residential area, light sources should
have a CCT of 3000K CRI; light sources in residential areas
should have a CCT of 2700K CRI.
• Across lit areas, create a balance of lighting that eliminates
glare.
• Luminaires under 900 lumen output should have a maximum
B-U-G rating of G=0; Luminaires over 900 lumen output
should have a maximum B-U-G rating of G=1.
1.9 Luminaires should be easy to maintain and energy efficient.
.1 When existing lighting is replaced, select fixtures that are
energy efficient, with appropriate light output as described in
these guidelines.
.2 Luminaires should have modular lighting components for
replacement if failure occurs.
1.10 Sign Lighting
.1 Entrance signs at King’s Gate and Kinnikinic and select
navigational signs may be illuminated to be legible. Design
of sign luminaires should be simple and unornamented, with
minimal visibility of the fixture.
.2 Number of illuminated signs and illuminance levels should
be kept at a minimum, to provide only enough for signage
visibility.
• Ensure that all lighting is Dark Sky Friendly with either a Full
Cutoff classification or a B-U-G rating of U=0.
• Illuminance on the face of the sign should be between 1.0
and 3.0 vertical footcandles with ≤4:1 uniformity.
• Operation should be on from dusk to close of business, or
utilize an automatic on/off schedule to meet daily, weekly,
and seasonal needs.
• The lighting should not cause glare at normal viewing angles,
obstruct the sign, or create daytime shadows.
• Light sources should have a CCT of 3000K CRI and a CRI of
≥80.
• The light should be directed at the sign with minimal spill.
• The light source should be fully shielded.
Chautauqua Lighting Design Guidelines
36
PUBLIC SPACE
Public spaces include areas of most pedestrian traffic and are most
frequently visited. They are usually adjacent to, or near public buildings
including the Auditorium, Dining Hall, Academic Hall, and Community
House, and include the kiosks and rest room building. Lighting in
public spaces should recognize the essential “camp-like” character of
the historic district. Lighting in Public Spaces should be subdued while
providing adequate navigation and illumination of potential tripping
hazards, including steps and curbs.
2.1 In public spaces it is appropriate to light public entries to facilitate
navigation.
.1 Provide lighting at building entrances to facilitate navigation and
meet code requirements for emergency egress.
.2 Lighting should be programmed to reflect evening activities.
2.2 Lighting for aesthetic purposes only, including accent, façade,
graze lighting and wall-washing, is generally not appropriate.
.1 If aesthetic lighting is combined with providing function or
navigation, it may be acceptable.
.2 In rare cases, subdued lighting of the Auditorium and Dining Hall
towers may be appropriate for very special events. The number of
events should be determined on an annual basis, and used very
selectively. The lights should have dimmers and be programmed
to be on only immediately before, during and immediately after
the event.
2.3 Where lighting of public spaces is appropriate, it should be
subdued, warm, with minimal spill, glare, and light trespass.
.1 Illuminance levels should be kept at a minimum, and should
be only the minimum to provide safe navigation in areas of
circulation.
• Ensure that all lighting is Dark Sky Friendly either with a Full
Cutoff classification or a B-U-G rating of U=0.
• Ambient lighting in public areas should not exceed an average
of 3.0 foot candles in a contiguous area and maintain 10:1
uniformity.
• Operation should be on from dusk to close of business, or
utilize an automatic on/off schedule to meet daily, weekly, and
seasonal needs.
.2 Lighting should have a warm color.
• Remove existing lighting that produces harsh or bluish light.
• Light sources should have a CCT of 3000K CRI and a CRI of ≥80.
2.4 Consider replacing non-historic lighting over time, including
acorn lights and globe lights, with elements more in keeping with the
historic utilitarian aesthetic.
.1 In the interim, consider updating the acorn lights to have a
consistent color temperature throughout and upgrade the fixture
to be Dark Sky Friendly.
2.0
37
3.0 RESIDENTIAL
The residential area includes buildings owned and leased by the CCA and
privately owned cottages south of Clematis extending to the southern edge
of the historic district. A conservative approach to lighting is recommended
for the residential area, and the overall sense of brightness should not be
higher than the surrounding neighborhoods. Lighting should be subdued and
unobtrusive while providing navigation and illumination of potential tripping
hazards, including swales and curbs. Lighting should be visually comfortable,
with consistency in color temperature. Street lights should be designed to
only illuminate the street, with minimal light trespass onto lawns and into
buildings. The goal of residential lighting is to provide pools of light that serve
as wayfinding lights, rather than a uniform, consistent background.
3.1 Maintain a camp-like neighborhood character through a combination of
porch/entry light and street lighting.
.1 Lighting should provide a sense of safety and provide navigation to
minimize tripping hazards.
.2 Permanent landscape lighting in front yards and lighting that is visible
from the public right of way is discouraged. Landscape lighting includes
illumination of trees, shrubs, and other garden and landscape features.
Minimal path lighting may be appropriate to illuminate tripping
hazards.
.3 Selective Dark Sky friendly landscape lighting in the backyard that is not
visible from the public right of way may be appropriate.
.4 Landscape luminaires over 500 lumen output should be Full Cutoff
classification or a B-U-G rating of U=0.
.5 Light sources should be 2700 - 3000K CRI and shielded so that the
source is not visible
3.2 Porch lighting should have low light levels, with a consistent warm color
and limited light trespass and glare.
.1 To facilitate navigation and reduce the number of necessary fixtures in
the district, porch lights should be located to illuminate the entry and
address number, with minimal spill and light trespass
.2 Porch lights should have 2700 - 3000K CRI light sources which should
be shielded so that the source is not visible and with maximum lumen
output ≤900 lumens.
.3 Programmable control systems for cottage porch lights are encouraged.
.4 Select residential fixtures that are simple and do not create a false
sense of history. The style of fixtures on a residential cottage should
reflect the individual character of the building.
3.3 Street lights should provide pools of light to aid navigation, with limited
glare and light trespass.
.1 When replaced, manage streetlights so they can be dimmed
significantly late at night, while still providing adequate light for
navigation.
.2 Street lights in residential areas should provide light for the streets and
swales, not for the cottages and lawns.
.3 Streetlights should have consistent levels across the lighting area,
3000K CRI or warmer, Type II or III distribution and employ a House
Side Shield (HSS) when in front of a cottage to minimize light trespass.
Maximum lumen output ≤4000, maximum B-U-G rating of B1-U0-G1
(without HSS). The luminaire should be installed plumb for Dark Sky
Friendly operation with the distribution aligned with the street.
Chautauqua Lighting Design Guidelines
38
PARKING/VEHICULAR CIRCULATION
Parking/Vehicular Circulation includes areas along major roadways
and parking areas utilized primarily by visitors and staff during
evening hours. These include the parking areas at the tennis court
and Academic Hall, major intersections, and 12th Street between the
picnic shelter and tennis court parking. This does not include parking
for cottages or on-street parking. Where appropriate, lighting in
parking areas should be adequate for navigation and to address
safety and security concerns.
4.1 Lighting in parking/vehicular areas may be appropriate to
provide a sense of security and navigation.
.1 Lighting of vehicular circulation should be limited to major
intersections, and should be designed to have limited spill light
outside the intersection.
.2 Lighting may be appropriate in the following areas:
• Select street intersections where conflicts are identified.
• Pick-up/drop-off locations.
• Vehicular entrances at Kinnikinic and 12th Street.
• Parking areas at the Academic Hall; Ranger Cottage; 12th
Street; and Tennis Court.
4.2 If appropriate, parking areas should be lit with low intensity
lighting and have no spill light outside of the parking area.
.1 Maximum average should be approximately 0.2 footcandles
with 20:1 uniformity. Use house side shields to minimize spill
light.
4.3 Lighting in parking areas should be managed according to the
varied activities occurring within the historic district.
.1 Parking area luminaires should be 3000K CRI, Type III
distribution and employ a House Side Shield (HSS) to minimize
spill light. Maximum B-U-G rating of B1-U0-G1 (without HSS).
The luminaire should be installed plumb for Dark Sky Friendly
operation with the distribution aligned with the parking area,
and no higher than 20’.
.2 Parking lot lighting controls should utilize a programmable
control system to preset the high and low output levels based
on time of night and occasion with motion sensors to trigger
the lights between the preset levels.
4.0
39
5.0 PRIMARY PEDESTRIAN
Primary pedestrian routes are major pedestrian circulation routes,
sidewalks, and pedestrian crossings. These include the route
between the Auditorium and King’s Gate; the route from the
Dining Hall to the Tennis Court parking; King’s Gate; the Arbor; the
south side of Clematis Drive; and along Kinnikinic from Clematis
to the Baseline entrance. Lighting along primary pedestrian routes
should be visually comfortable, without glare, and should provide
lighting for navigation and to illuminate tripping hazards. The use
of wayfinding lighting may be appropriate to direct pedestrians to
their destination with intermittent pools of light and beginning and
ending points along paths.
5.1 Where appropriate, provide pedestrian lighting for navigation,
to guide users to destinations.
.1 Lighting should be visually comfortable without glare.
.2 Lighting should only occur at intervals sufficient enough to
provide adequate navigation, to see from one light location to
another.
.3 Where appropriate, paths may be illuminated with pedestrian
scale luminaires. Pole mounted luminaires should be Type
II Distribution, Dark Sky Friendly, either with a Full Cutoff
classification or a B-U-G rating of U=0, and 3000K CRI.
5.2 Operation of pedestrian lighting should be programmed to
meet operational needs, based upon business and event hours.
5.3 Sensitively designed lighting may be appropriate in these
areas:
• Interior of the Arbor and King’s Gate trolley stop, taking
care to protect historic material and integrate fixtures to be
minimally visible.
• The pedestrian path between the Dining Hall, Auditorium
and Tennis Court Parking area, and the stairs near the Tennis
Court Parking area.
• The pedestrian path from the Auditorium to King’s Gate.
• Along Clematis Drive.
Chautauqua Lighting Design Guidelines
40
PARK AREAS
Park areas include Chautauqua Green, Waterwise Garden and the
Centennial Garden. The desire for lighting in the park areas is for
these areas to remain dark, particularly within Chautauqua Green.
6.1 Park areas should remain dark within the interior of the space.
.1 It is appropriate to remove existing up-lighting or directional
lighting that is not Dark Sky Friendly or produces glare.
.2 Preserve the character of a dark night sky; it is not appropriate
to introduce new fixtures within the interior space of the
Chautauqua Green.
.3 New lighting is discouraged in the Waterwise Garden.
.4 It may be appropriate to provide lighting within the Centennial
Garden for pedestrian navigation. Existing lighting may remain
but should be upgraded to meet these design guidelines.
6.2 In some cases, it may be appropriate to provide adequate
lighting for vehicular safety and navigation at the perimeter of park
areas.
6.3 In general, American flags on permanent flag poles should be
taken down at night or illuminated to meet the U.S. Flag Code.
.1 If a direct light is desired, use only a single well shielded
adjustable spotlight, located as close to the base of the flagpole
as possible; Maximum output of the spotlight should not
exceed 3500 lumens and be 3000K CCT and ≥80 CRI.
6.0
41
7.0 OPEN SPACE
Open Space includes the perimeter of the historic district boundary
which borders the City of Boulder Open Space and Mountain Parks
(OSMP) land. This includes the west, south, and southeast edges and
perimeter of the historic district. These areas should remain dark in
order to protect wildlife and scenic viewsheds. Lighting at trails is
not appropriate, and the transition areas should remain unlit with
minimal light trespass from other areas.
7.1 The interface with the Open Space and Mountain Parks should
remain unlit with minimal light trespass from other areas in the
historic district.
7.2 Efforts to minimize or eliminate spill light and light trespass
should be employed when lighting adjacent areas.
.1 Pole mounted luminaires should be oriented into the adjacent
area and away from Open Space. House side shields should be
used.
7.3 Allow minimal lighting at the Ranger Cottage and parking for
OSMP evening events.
.1 Porch lighting at the Ranger Cottage and parking area lighting
meeting 4.0 Parking/Vehicular Circulation, may be appropriate
immediately before, during and immediately after an event.
Design these lights to be subdued and only illuminate the
immediate area, with no spill light into the adjacent Open
Space.
Chautauqua Lighting Design Guidelines
42
8.0 BASELINE ROAD
Baseline Road includes the interface between the historic district
and Baseline Road, including pedestrian crossings, intersections, and
street parking. Within the historic district boundary, lighting may
be appropriate at bus stops and at the vehicular entrance into the
historic district from Baseline. While outside of the historic district
boundary, these guidelines acknowledge that sufficient lighting
may be necessary to facilitate safe pedestrian crossings at Baseline
crosswalks and King’s Gate.
8.1 Baseline Road should have sufficient lighting to provide safe
pedestrian crossing and vehicular access.
.1 When upgraded, the streetlights should maintain the current
nominal height, 3000K CRI, Type III distribution and employ
a House Side Shield (HSS) when in front of a residence to
minimize light trespass.
• Maximum lumen output ≤4000, maximum B-U-G rating of
B1-U0-G1 (without HSS).
• The luminaire should be installed plumb for Dark Sky Friendly
operation with the distribution aligned with the street.
8.2 It may be appropriate to locate streetlights at vehicular and
pedestrian conflict points.
.1 Adequate lighting may be necessary at intersections along
primary streets, at King’s Gate, and the Baseline / Kinnikinic
entrance to the historic district.
.2 A single streetlight before or at a crosswalk that meets
minimum lighting requirements may be appropriate. Using
two streetlights, each one a half-mounting height before
the crosswalk in the direction of oncoming traffic, provides
maximum pedestrian visibility.
8.0
43
Glossary
Chautauqua Lighting Design Guidelines
44
Arc Lamp: A lamp that produces light by an electric arc between
carbon electrodes in air. It was widely used starting in the 1870s
for street lighting, this image is a typical 19th-century arc light. See
Figure G.1.
Ambient Lighting: Light that serves as general illumination for a
space for basic visual recognition and travel through that space.
Architectural Lighting: Lighting techniques using the structure of a
form to create visible luminance. Fixtures maybe integrated into the
design of the building or structure itself or light may be cast upon it.
Techniques may include:
Accent Lighting: Precise lighting used to highlight a specific
object or building detail.
Facade Lighting: The illumination of the exterior of a building.
Graze Lighting: Casting light in a parallel plane to a surface to
reveal the texture of that surface.
Wall Washing: Uniformly illuminating a vertical planer
surface with an even wash of light creating a luminous
background.
Brightness: The extent to which an object is judged to emit more
or less light. The perceived brightness of an object can change
depending on whether it is seen against a light or dark background
due to contrast. Perceived light from an object may be directly from
a light source or reflected off the object’s surface.
B-U-G Rating: A rating based on the lighting output in Backlight,
Uplight and Glare zones. (Supersedes cutoff classifications). See
Figure G.2.A and G.2.B.
Color Rendering Index (CRI): A measurement, on a scale of 1 to
100, used to describe the ability of a light source to render all colors
accurately.
Color Temperature (CCT): A measure in degrees Kelvin (°K) of light’s
warmness or coolness. Lamps with a CCT of less than 3200 °K are
yellowish- white and considered warm. Lamps with a CCT greater
than 4000 °K are bluish–white and considered cool. Often referred
to as CCT (correlated color temperature). Describes the overall color
appearance of a light source. See Figure G.5.
Cutoff Classification: Classification for controlling stray light. See
Figure G.6.
GLOSSARY
Figure G.1. Arc Lamp Illustration
www.uh.eduenginesepi1330.htm
Figure G.2.B. BUG Rating Diagram
Figure G.2.A BUG Rating diagram
45
Dark-Sky Friendly: Lighting efforts to minimize the harmful effects of
light pollution.
• Only be on when needed
• Only light the area that needs it
• Be no brighter than necessary
• Minimize blue light emissions
• Be fully shielded (pointing downward), FullCutoff or B-U-G
Rating = B_-U0-G_
Footcandle, FC: The unit of illuminance when the foot is taken as
the unit of length. The illuminance on a surface one square foot in
area on which there is a uniformly distributed flux of one lumen,
or the illuminance produced on a surface, all points of which are at
a distance of one foot from a directionally uniform point source of
one candela.
Fully Shielded Fixture:
1. A fixture that allows no emission above a horizontal plane
through the fixture (for Dark-Sky).
2. An opaque shield restriction the view of a light source.
3. A translucent diffuser obscuring the view of a light source.
High Pressure Sodium (HPS): A type of high intensity discharge lamp
with high efficiency (±100 lumens/watt), warm color temperature
(±2000K), and low color rendering (±20 CRI).
House Side Shield (HSS): A shield which cuts off direct light
through high horizontal angles behind a pole on which a luminaire
is mounted. This can also be achieved with LED luminaires with
spill light control distributions. Normally used to minimize light
trespass into residences, this option on many luminaires can be used
wherever spill light is desired to be controlled.
Glare: An interference with visual perception caused by an
uncomfortably bright light source or reflection within a person’s
field of view; a form of visual noise. A light within the field of vision
that is brighter than the brightness to which the eyes are adapted.
Disability Glare: Glare resulting in reduced visual performance
and visibility. It is often accompanied by discomfort.
Discomfort Glare: Glare that produces discomfort, but does not
necessarily diminish visual performance. See Figure G.4.
Illuminance: Light on a surface or object. Sometimes called
“illumination.” Unit is footcandle or lux.
Light Pollution: Any adverse effect of generated light. Examples
include light into the night sky creating sky-glow and obscuring the
view of stars.
GLOSSARY
Figure G.3. The “Cobrahead” style street-
light in this image is designed with a flat
lens and does not emit light above a hori-
zontal plane at the lens, it is FullCutoff. If it
is mounted tilted up then that classification
is compromised.
Figure G.4. The “Acorn” style fixture in
this image has potential for glare, yet the
low wattage light source in it and a fairly
luminous background help to balance the
brightness.
Chautauqua Lighting Design Guidelines
46
GLOSSARY
Figure G.6. Cutoff Classifications
Figure G.5. Color Temperature Spectrum (K = Kelvin Temperature Rating)
47
Light Trespass: Light falling where it is not wanted or needed.
Examples include streetlighting into a residential window or
residential lighting spilling into a natural area with nocturnal wildlife.
Lumen: The unit of luminous flux, or light, emitted from a source.
Luminaire: A complete light fixture with source, mounting, shielding
and housing.
Luminance: The light given off a surface or object, whether
produced or reflected. See Figure G.7.
Navigation: The method of determining one’s way to a destination
and moving from point to point.
Pathway Lighting: The illumination of a pedestrian route. There are
two basic approaches to lighting a pathway:
Continuous: Even lighting having good uniformity from
beginning to end creating an uninterrupted corridor of
illumination. Uniformity ratios should not exceed 10:1.
Wayfinding: Points of light at the beginning and end of a
Pathway with low light levels in-between so that a pedestrian
may find their way even through the darker areas, a
lighting aid for navigation. Additional points of light may be
supplemented at possible points of conflict or around curves
limiting visibility, etc. Wide uniformity in the light levels. The
greatest uniformity should be 15:1 (conforms to Boulder
Lighting Ordinance).
Safety Lighting: Illumination providing visibility of surroundings to
detect hazards such as uneven walkways, steps, or other threats.
Security Lighting: Illumination to deter threats and increase the
sense of safety.
Three-Dimensional Lighting: Illuminating an object or person from
more than one location to reveal the full form through height,
width, and depth.
Two-Dimensional Lighting: Illuminating an object or person from a
single location to create a silhouette or halo effect.
Uniformity: The ratio between the darkest point and brightest point.
The lower the ratio the more uniform the lighting. See Figure G.8
GLOSSARY
Figure G.7. Luminance diagram
Figure G.8. Pathway with 100’ on center pedestrian
poles at ≈15:1 uniformity.